The Friedman Family Assessment Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Friedman Family Assessment Model - Essay Example The family acts as a system within a larger social framework, and each family belonging to this framework employs a different approach to health care provision. Every family acts as a support system for its members and transmits fundamental elements of culture to every member (Spector, 2004). Some of these beliefs and structures may provide challenges or barriers to types of health provisions and treatments. The Morrison family consisted of Mr. and Mrs. Morrison, Luke, Matt, Katie, and Bo. Luke was the eldest followed by Matt, Kate, and Bo was the youngest. The family lived in Crow Lake region in Ontario, Canada. Mr. Morrison worked at a local bank, and the children were in school. Luke had secured a scholarship in the university and had been admitted to study teaching. Matt had excelled in his high school and had secured a slot in the university. Mr. and Mrs. Morrison had gone shopping in preparation for Matt’s admission in the university. On their way back, they were involve d in an accident and died. The children were orphaned, and Luke had to decline the scholarship in order to take care of the family. Matt also impregnated Marie, a neighbor’s daughter, and could not join the university. Kate was successful in her education and became a professor at the university in Toronto. FFAM has six assessment categories, but the two most relevant to the Morrison family are family stress, coping, and adaptation and family functions (Friedman, Bowden, & Jones, 2003). The two categories are significant due to the stressful conditions subjected to the children after the death of their parents. The children had to look after themselves and received a little help from the neighbors. The family functions were also changed after the tragedy. Luke and Matt became the fathers of Bo and Katie. They work in the fields in order to finance the education of their sisters and meet other family needs. Family Stress, Coping and Adaptation Family stressors, strengths, and perceptions This category is necessary since the death affected their normal living conditions, caused different perceptions, and the children utilized their strengths to counter the stressors. The children have to take care of each other. The demise occurs when they were still young; Luke is 18 years and Bo is still a toddler. The death causes stress among the children, especially Luke and Matt who were left with parenthood responsibilities. The Morrison family has a motto â€Å"thou shalt not emote† that helps them counter the effects of the stress (Lawson, 2002). The motto helps Kate suppress her emotions throughout her education, which makes her uninterested in relationships. The death of parents is a leading stress factor in families, especially when children are left without caretakers (Holtslander, 2005). Matt also experiences a setback when Marie becomes pregnant, and her father commits suicide. Matt is forced to take care of her and moves to her father’s house . He has to cope with the stressful condition of taking care of his family and helping Luke look after Kate and Bo. The two brothers are responsible for educating and providing health care to Kate and Bo. The family derives its strength from the decision to stick together, look for jobs, and get help from the nei

Van Gogh's Night Cafe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Van Gogh's Night Cafe - Essay Example I have not been watchful. I pushed them to more vices than I ever knew and they drove me to insanity with their constant spending until I lost almost everything that I owned. Thankfully, this cafà © was saved and now serves as my only source of living. How I dislike working at this cafà ©. There is not much to be gained from it but what can I do? I literally lost all my other sources of income so here I am, patiently waiting for my customers who have been staying here too long finishing just one bottle of beer or cola. How I despise these drunkards. Look at these two peasants. They are as pathetic as their boring lives. They work so hard and now they are just spending their money on cheap wine that makes them noisy and uncivilized. Look at how pitiful they look. They do not have much to offer me for their drinks but I have to be patient with them otherwise, I will have no customers. I want to make them leave as soon as they can but it is so difficult to speak with them when they are already under the influence of alcohol. Look at that other peasant on the corner. He is as drunk as these two. He has been nodding his head on his table for quite awhile now. I think he is already asleep. I should not allow him to sleep in my cafà © because he is a bad sight to other customers but God knows how helpless I am. I cannot even speak with him to at least go outside to sleep all he wants. I have to keep a good relationship with all my customers in order to keep them coming. Business is not good at this side of Arles. There are only few people who are mainly farmers and tenants. Most of them cannot even afford having fun on a regular basis. Thankfully, there are some decent customers like the two lovers at the back. The man is the son of a tenant who worked so hard to put his son to a good school in the city. He wants to marry a landowner’s daughter but the old man is not in favor of their relationship.

Windows Server Deployment Proposal

Windows Server Deployment Proposal Contoso Advertising has two locations. The main site location is in Pensacola, Florida (FL) with a smaller site in Casper, Wyoming (WY). Multiple servers will be distributed throughout these sites to support the various services required by each department. Throughout the growing enterprise, there will initially be 90 employees distributed into five departments between the two sites. Contoso has a small Executive department of 9 personnel, 15 employees in the Accounts and Sales department, 49 personnel staffing the Creative, Media, and Production department, 12 members of the Human Resources and Finance department and 5 IT employees. As FL is Contosos main site, the majority of employees will be based there with one-third of each department working out of the WY site to split company responsibilities between locations. Windows Server 2012 will be the Operating System (OS) deployed to all servers within the organization due to a few key features. Firstly, the use of PowerShell within Windows Server 2012 will be very important to the management of Contosos network. Microsoft has vastly increased the number of available PowerShell cmdlets to allow for more robust management from the command line (Otey, 2011). This will allow the IT staff to manage company assets via command line interface and script out a majority of routine network management duties. Furthermore, Microsofts Server Manager utility can remotely manage multiple servers, up to 100 at a single time (Microsoft, 2013). This will allow the IT employees to manage the entire organization remotely without physically visiting each server as well as eliminating the need for the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) for management tasks. These two features in particular will simplify the network management for Contosos small IT support staff throughout bo th sites. Other features such as the use of Storage Tiers will be quite impactful for users throughout the organization, particularly the employees in the Creative, Media, and Production department. These are just a few features that Contoso can take advantage of within their organization. Deployment and Server Configurations: Contosos network will be constructed with 24 total servers throughout the enterprise to handle organizational growth over the next few years while being configured to have robust failover solutions. This will be done to ensure the company can recover from any single failure while still fulfilling their organizational goals. Services for Contosos daily operations, such as Domain Controllers, Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name Servers (DNS), file servers, web servers and print servers will be provided by these servers. In addition, both sites will be mirrored to allow each site to function if the WAN link between the sites happens to go down, but also for organizational purposes and ease of management by the small IT department. If implemented properly, Contosos enterprise network can scale to their expected growth while having incredibly high reliability. The main FL site will have two Domain Controllers FL_DC1 and FL_DC2. The primary domain controller, FL_DC1, will be configured to run Domain Name Services (DNS), Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) as well as performing the role of Domain Controller. FL_DC2 will be a copy of FL_DC1 and will act as a backup in case of corruption or server failure. Both Domain Controllers will run the Server Core version of Windows Server with the graphical user interface (GUI). The Active Directory role will need to be installed to provide Directory Services along with being able to organize and manage the organization through the use of group policy discussed later in the proposal. Additionally, FL_DC2 will be designated as a Global Catalogue to aid in any type of searching to be done throughout the other site, decreasing the burden on the primary DC.   A full chart of needed servers and their intended purpose can be seen below. Server Role Location FL_DC* Primary/Secondary Domain Controller/DNS/DHCP Server Pensacola, Florida FL_FS_HRF* Primary/Secondary HRF File Server Pensacola, Florida FL_FS_CMP* Primary/Secondary CMP File Server Pensacola, Florida FL_FS* Primary/Secondary File Server/Print Server Pensacola, Florida FL_MX* Primary/Secondary Mail Server Pensacola, Florida FL_WWW* Primary/Secondary Web Server Pensacola, Florida WY_DC* Primary/Secondary Domain Controller/DNS/DHCP Server Casper, Wyoming WY_FS_HRF* Primary/Secondary HRF File Server Casper, Wyoming WY_FS_CMP* Primary/Secondary CMP File Server Casper, Wyoming WY_FS* Primary/Secondary File Server/Print Server Casper, Wyoming WY_MX* Primary/Secondary Mail Server Casper, Wyoming WY_WWW* Primary/Secondary Web Server Casper, Wyoming As the Human Resources and Finances department will be dealing with highly sensitive financial data for the company, they will have their own exclusive file server, FL_FS_HRF1, which will be backed up to FL_FS_HRF2. Full backups will be conducted weekly with differential backups occurring every night. Shares will be hosted on this server with permissions applied to only allow members of the Human Resources and Finances department access to any resources on it. The other department to have their own dedicated file servers is the Creative, Media, and Production employees. Similar to the Finance department, there will be a primary server and a backup, FL_FS_CMP1 and FL_FS_CMP2. These servers will also follow the same backup schedule as the Finance department as well as having its share accesses locked down to only those employees within the department. Storage pools will be created to implement storage tiers on the primary file server. Multiple traditional mechanical hard disk drives (HDD) and solid state drives (SSD) will be assigned to the storage pool. The SSD tier will be configured to house the most frequently accessed data while the HDD tier will house data accessed less often. The storage tier optimization task will be scheduled to run every evening during off hours. The rest of the personnel at the FL site will use a single file server FL_FS1, which will also be backed up to FL_FS2 in a manner similar to the Finance and Creative departments. Storage on this server will be split among the other departments and quotas will be enforced using the File Server Resource Manager (FSRM). Using this method of quota management will allow the IT department to centrally control and monitor the daily storage resources and generate storage reports to analyze disk usage trends (Microsoft, 2008). Users will be set up for home folders nested under their respective department share with access being granted only to those members of the department, and each user of that department only having access to their own personal folder through application of NTFS permissions. Users will all be given the same amount of space initially and expansion requests will be scrutinized. Due to the more advanced features of FSRM as compared to NTFS quotas, administrative notification scripts can be set to run when a user nears their allocated quota limit (Microsoft, 2008). The IT department will implement a semi-automated process with administrative scripts once these quotas are met to trigger a quota increase request process. All file servers in the network will be installed with Server Core with the GUI. Having a public presence on the internet will be crucial for Contoso to gain new clients and allow their business to grow over the next few years. Company mail servers will also be needed to communicate internally and interface with their customers as well. The FL site will have their own dedicated mail and web servers, with FL_MX1 and FL_WWW1 acting as primary, and FL_MX2 and FL_WWW2 being mirrored backups for their respective roles. These servers will run the Server Core edition of Windows Server 2012 because of its stability improvements as well as it being inherently more secure than other editions of Windows Server due to far less running services than full GUI versions (Microsoft, 2017). Public facing assets, such as mail or web servers, are often the first point of cyber-attacks and Server Core will decrease the attack footprint. The WY site will have the exact same configuration as the primary FL site as seen in the network diagram below. Backup solutions and fault tolerance were built-in to this proposal to prevent downtime for the network and prevent monetary loss for the company. In the event that any one node within the network fails, Contoso can continue with their day to day operations while resolutions are developed and implemented by the IT department. This configuration was chosen to have the maximum reliability and fault tolerance which will be crucial for a growing organization. A simplified diagram of Contosos network can be seen below to illustrate how their network could be structured to accomplish the goals of this deployment proposal. NETWORK DIAGRAM Active Directory and Group Policy: Contosos network will have two domains within a single forest, one for each site. The FL site will be contoso.com and the WY site will be north.contoso.com with each new site that Contoso builds in the future following a similar structure. Domain Controllers will be placed in each site for management within their domain. Organizational Units (OU) will be used for organization with Active Directory with each department having their own OU nested under their domain. Active Directory objects will be created for each user and will be organized by job role and placed into their respective OUs. Computer objects within Active Directory will follow a similar structure. This is to ensure proper organization, application of Group Policy, and ease of network management throughout the domain. Software programs needed throughout the organization will be deployed through the use of group policy, if the number of employees that require it are high enough or it is not feasible for the IT department to physically visit every computer for installation. This can be done with the group policy management console within Windows Server. Packages can be configured that will deploy .msi files and will be installed upon next computer reboot, if the policy was configured under the computer configuration section of the GPO management editor. Programs like Adobe Reader, Photoshop, and QuickBooks could be deployed to different departments while Wireshark or Zenmap could be deployed to different servers throughout the network for traffic analysis. Software restriction policies will also be used in the domain as they will be able to control execution of software at the discretion of the network administrators (Microsoft, 2004). Using these policies, the IT department can configure the enviro nment to prevent unauthorized programs at their discretion based on a hash, certificate, path, or zone identifiers. To maintain a high level of security throughout the enterprise, a strong password policy will be strictly enforced. Strong passwords that are often changed will be used as passwords are continuously vulnerable, especially during password assignment, management, and use (Microsoft, 2017). Contoso employees will be required to have a password of at least 10 characters in length with a mixture of mixed case characters, special characters, and numbers. Password age thresholds will be set in the password policy for a maximum age of 45 days and a minimum age of 30 days. A password history of 10 will be set to prevent users from cycling back to previously used passwords quickly. This will ensure that if any user credentials are compromised, they wont be of use to an undetected malicious user for long. In addition to the general password policy just discussed, the administrators will also be subject to a fine-grained password policy for security reasons. Fine-grained password policies will allow for multiple password policies to affect different users throughout a domain (Microsoft, 2012). Contoso will be able to use this feature of Windows Server to enforce stronger password restrictions upon select users, the IT department in this situation. Additional complexity, password history, minimum and maximum password ages, as well as increased password length requirements will be enforced upon these employees to protect the corporate network. In the event of a network breach, accounts with high power or permissions, such as the members of the IT department, will be the first group to be targeted by malicious users. By having frequently changing and complex passwords, this will increase the time for passwords to be cracked as well as shorten the available time for them to be used by mali cious cyber actors. Additional security measures to be enforced will include the disabling of user accounts after 10 days of no activity. Account deletion will occur after 30 days of inactivity, unless prior arrangement is made through the IT support department. This will be done to ensure access to network and company resources remain secure from malicious attacks. Furthermore, account logon hours will be applied as determined by the employees regular work hours with an hour of buffer time at the start and end of their regular work day. In addition to the hardware firewalls already in place, the use of Windows Firewall will be applied to each computer within the organization through group policy and rules will be tailored to each department. For example, outbound traffic from the Human Resources and Finance department user workstations to the Creative, Media, and Production file server will be blocked. Special precautions for the public facing infrastructure, such as the mail and web servers, will have extra restrictions placed on them for additional security. For example, incoming ICMP traffic from the public internet will be blocked to prevent against Denial of Service (DOS) attacks. Windows Defender will also be active on all employee workstations throughout the enterprise as well as all servers. The right configuration of the hardware and software firewalls and Microsofts security product should protect Contoso from numerous cyber threats. These are just a few policies laid out to begin the hardening of the netw ork and the IT department will develop others as they see fit. Print Services: The print and document services role will be installed on the primary file server at each site, FL_FS1 and WY_FS1, with multiple print devices located throughout the environment. Specifically, there will initially be two print devices located within each department to accommodate printer pooling as a means of load balancing the print jobs between the many users. Any employee will be able to print to other print devices outside of their department, but they will have a lower priority than employees utilizing their own department resources. DNS and DHCP: IPv4 addresses will be used throughout the organization for simplicity of management as that is still widely used today. In the future when Contoso grows and global adoption rates of IPv6 increase, reconsideration of addressing will take place. As there will be many network-critical devices throughout the enterprise network, such as file servers, printers, and domain controllers, these computers will all be assigned static IP addresses rather than have DHCP reservations. This will be done to ensure that critical devices are always reachable in case of a DHCP failure. Other devices such as employee workstations, company laptops, or other mobile devices will have address management performed through the use of DHCP. Scopes will be configured to have lease durations of 16 hours. This will ensure that an address assignment covers a full work day while still being short enough to prevent the pool of available addresses from running low from mobile devices entering and leaving the network throughout the day. DNS and DHCP services will be handled by the primary domain controllers of each site, respectively. Those servers will also act as a backup for their sister servers in the opposite site for failover solutions in the event of server failure or corruption. The 80/20 rule will be applied within each scope; the primary DHCP server provides roughly 80% of the addresses within its scope with the secondary providing the remaining addresses. This will be done to provide address assignment in situations where the primary DHCP server is unable to fulfill its services (Microsoft, 2005). Summary: In summary, the network infrastructure and hardware will be set up at both sites in a mirrored fashion to provide ease of management for the IT department in addition to allowing for easy growth over the next few years. The multiple domains and logical structure of active directory will ease the burden of organization and administration of the enterprise network. Each server will have a dedicated backup server for cases of machine failure, corruption, or other disaster. Security practices such as the password policy, use of Windows security software, and additional firewall restrictions will ensure that the company sensitive business matters are protected. Estimating conservatively, the IT department could complete the initial setup within a week. While this network deployment may seem excessive, Contoso Advertising is a growing enterprise that requires a solution that will be able to scale as their organization grows. References Manage Multiple, Remote Servers with Server Manager. (2013, June 24). Retrieved January 10, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831456(v=ws.11).aspx Microsoft. (2008, January 21). File Server Resource Manager. Retrieved February 01, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754810(v=ws.10).aspx Microsoft. (2017). Why Is Server Core Useful? Retrieved January 18, 2017, from https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd184076.aspx Microsoft. (2017). Configuring Password Policies. Retrieved February 09, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd277399.aspx Microsoft. (2005, January 21). Best Practices. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc958920.aspx Microsoft. (2012, October 19). AD DS: Fine-Grained Password Policies. Retrieved February 25, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc770394(v=ws.10).aspx Microsoft. (2004, May 25). Using Software Restriction Policies to Protect Against Unauthorized Software. Retrieved February 25, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb457006.aspx#EEAA Otey, M. (2011, October 17). Top 10: New Features in Windows Server 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2017, from http://windowsitpro.com/windows-server-2012/top-10-new-features-windows-server-2012

Gender Roles in Angela Carters The Company of Wolves Essay -- Carter

Gender Roles in Angela Carter's The Company of Wolves In her transformation of the well-known fable "Little Red Riding Hood," Angela Carter plays upon the reader's familiarity. By echoing elements of the allegory intended to scare and thus caution young girls, she evokes preconceptions and stereotypes about gender roles. In the traditional tale, Red sticks to "the path," but needs to be rescued from the threatening wolf by a hunter or "woodsman." Carter retells the story with a modern perspective on women. By using fantasy metaphorically and hyperbolically, she can poignantly convey her unorthodox and underlying messages. Before telling the story of Red Riding Hood, Carter establishes the nature of wolves in a folk-lore or legend style, which appears to be at least partially factual. The narrator describes wolves as malicious hunters in an ominous tone: "The wolf is carnivore incarnate and he's as cunning as he is ferocious; once he's had a taste of flesh, then nothing else will do" (Norton Anthology of Literature by Women, 2232). She tells of their desperation for food, one possible explanation for their eagerness to devour humans, but warns that the danger of falling prey to a wolf is ever-present. Beneath her descriptive background information of wolves lies Carter's real message: men are sexual predators, and hunt for flesh like wolves do. This subtle and foreshadowed element becomes slightly more overt as the focus changes from wolves of the forest, to the mythical creatures of werewolves. The narrator alludes to three plausible legends involving the hunter, the witch, and the bride, who all encountered men who transformed into wolves. She references possible explanations for this phenomenon, citing the Devil tra... ...al roles and become the sexual aggressor to be the victor instead of the victim. Carter's twist on a well-known tale likely surprises many readers. Thus she is likely suggesting we should rethink our expectations of gender roles. Another way of presenting alternate gender roles would be making Red a boy, and having him saved by a girl at the end, but this scenario would not be as striking and therefore effective. Furthermore, Red's sexual awakening and consequent taming of the "wolf" serves as encouragement for women not to be passive, but to assert themselves in all situations, especially sex, which is one area that has long been characterized by rigid/traditional expectations of gender roles. Works Cited: Carter, Angela. "The Company of Wolves." Folk and Fairy Tales. Eds. Martin Hallett and Barbara Karasek. 3rd Edition. Toronto: Broadview Press, 2002.

Malard Manufactoring Essay

1. The balance of the structure in Malard Manufacturing is very flat and horizontal, and basically has very little vertical structure at all. Julie Crandell who is the executive vice president, likes to keep very tight control among the organisation in which she controls. Julie demands that department managers check with her before any significant decision are made or changed, by doing this Julie has made her span of control too big for her to handle in the due time she has to complete it by, it’s become very difficult for Julie as she has to deal with new inexperienced department managers, who are becoming uncommunicative and frustrated with each other. Vertical organisational structure means a strict top down structure. Typically this structure has been a favored form for many business and other types of organisations. In such an organisation, the chain of command is usually very important and must be followed. In faster moving, dynamic conditions, a vertical organizational structure can become very inefficient, for example, requiring decisions to slowly go through many people along the vertical chain of command before actions can be made by those who need permission to act. Horizontal organizational structure means a flat or closer to flat organizational. In a perfectly horizontal structure, there are no leaders, so usually this means a structure that is still vertical, but has been made more horizontal than what is typically referred to as vertical, Julie’s structure for example. In general, any large organizational structure has both vertical and horizontal aspects to it and depending on whether it is considered to be more vertical or more horizontal results in what it is called. The communication between executive vice president Julie and the department managers is minimal as stated above. Julie needs to work out a new strategy of horizontal communication that will give her the results she needs, possibly a centralised wheel approach for faster and more accurate communication. Examples of different horizontal communication are as follows. Intradepartmental problem solving. These messages take place among members of the same department and concern task accomplishments. For example: ‘Bec, can you please help us fill out the inventory report form?’ Interdepartmental coordination. Interdepartmental messages facilitate the accomplishment of joint projects or tasks. For example: ‘Bec, please contact the Materials department and arrange a meeting to discuss the specifications for the new product materials, we may not be able to meet there needs’. Change initiative and improvements. These messages are designed to share information among teams and departments that can help the organisation change, grow and improve. For example: ‘We are having a discussing about the budgets of several departments and would like your input for the discussion’. 2. If I were Julie Crandell, I would feel compelled to organise a project meeting with all department managers and discuss a way to create a new strategy or work out the difficulties in the existing one, so that it will be successfully appropriate to attain the result we need as an organisation. Whilst having the project meeting and discussing the new deadline for project CV305 and receiving all department managers input and problems, I would then organise weekly project meetings along with regular progress reports, I would then suggest a decentralised management approach, the advantage is Julie the Senior manager would have time to then concentrate on the most important decisions, as the other decisions can be undertaken by other people down the organisation structure. Some good examples of having a decentralised management approach are, Decision making is a form of empowerment, and empowerment can increase motivation and therefore mean that staff output increases. Empowerment will enable departments and their employees to respond faster to changes and new challenges. Whereas it may take senior managers like Julie longer to come up with a similar response. Staff within departments would sometimes have a greater knowledge of the product their producing and would then be able to make better choices and decisions then say Julie, there for this approach would suit the organisation better then all ways lining up to see Julie for her advice and approval, which may take a long time as Julie had little time to oversee everything with her centralised approach. Another approach Julie could take would be to hire a personal assistant. As Julie is a person that has so much on her plate for example, scheduling management meetings, answering phone calls, dropping letters off to the post office and checking her schedule, as well as many more other duties. These errands could all be done by anyone else like a personal assistant therefore saving Julie precious time so she can concentrate on more important tasks then organising meetings and writing up reports. 3. Julie has made a wrong choice by choosing to go with the centralised decision making structure, instead she needs to find a more appropriate structure that will be able to deliver and suit the companies desired outcome in the time line they have set for the new product. This structure will need to be decentralised, so decisions are made quicker and more accurate as Julie may not have quite well an understanding of the product then say the department manager. A team based approach is what I personally think Julie should use for the development of new future products. One of the best forms of business organisation is the team-based structure. A team based structure is an organisation that groups employees on the same work level into teams that perform specific functions within their job tasks. This structure combines the low-overhead, minimal management structure of a lateral structure with the team efforts common to a hybrid structure. There are numerous advantages to a team-based lateral organizational structure. A team-based organisational structure is similar to a traditional lateral structure, in carrying less overhead management to cause delays in decision-making and implementation of best practices or new ideas. With no need to wait on a lengthy chain of command to receive approval for ideas or changes to the, a team-based lateral structure can make necessary changes on the fly and allow for rapid response to different market conditions. This is especially important in today’s digital economy. By spreading the responsibility among teams involving everyone involved in project CV305 rather than having a single person (Julie) in charge of all decision-making or management of a project, decisions can be reached by a quorum and can take place rapidly as team members can be assigned to research areas of need, implement changes, or work on other problems while other team members continue to focus on the current situation of the project. Decisions made by a team are often better thought out and more effectively implemented than decisions made by a single individual, that being Julie in this case. A team-based organisational structure will eliminate Julie’s centralised flat chain of command, Julie’s centralised approach caused delays and worker frustration with cumbersome communication lines. A team can more effectively raise concerns to management without having to wait a unpredictable time for Julie’s response, This can make individuals more willing to speak out about problems or inefficiency due to not having to wait, and being able to receive their answers quicker. If Julie were to establish a task force or assign a project manager, so they can establish and assist departments in representing them, and to share their information with other departments which will enable coordination. In addition to creating task forces, companies also set up cross functional teams. A cross functional team furthers horizontal coordination because participants from several departments meet regularly to solve ongoing problems of common interest (Mintzberg, 1979).

Qualitative and Quantitative Research Essay

Qualitative and quantitative research are two types of research, each type is presented in a different way and depends on different gathered material. Qualitative research is the collection of information about things and objects. For instance interviews, pictures and items would be items collected during qualitative research. Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical information that has been researched and collected. This type of research is best at the onset of a research product. It can help steer a research product in a specific direction, and its results are given in spoken word or in the form of images and videos. Qualitative research is focused on results that do not involve numbers. Its purpose is to observe and analyze how people react and think to the research topic and why they react and feel the way that they do. The purpose of this type of research is to gain results that show details about the problem and question at hand. Qualitative research usually answers questions about a broad idea or thought, and considers many details and possibilities. These results are usually gathered by using questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative evidence has conclusions that are based on a gathering of thoughts and ideas and can often present answers that are considered opinionated, and can be interpreted differently by different groups. This type of data offers results that deal with human emotions and thoughts. Although qualitative research does not use numerical data its results are very useful and can offer solid solutions and results. Quantitative research has an end result of numerical data that can give results in a numerical report. The research that is gathered in this type of research is measurable and is easier to compare to similar numerical results. The results contain numerical explanations for the questions that are being researched. Quantitative research is usually focused on direct details or specific questions that require specific and conclusive answers. This research is usually used in the end of a research project. This type of research uses questioners, survey or even measurements to collect numerical data, and its end results are presented in the form of charts and graphs. Quantitative data is considered to be more concrete proof or evidence that can be proven and show hard facts. My project for this class will more than likely consists of more quantitative data than qualitative. In my project I want to look into why the consumer feels a certain way. I know for sure that these answers can only be reached through research conducted through survey and personal questioners. Numerical data will not help me come to a conclusion about why the consumer base thinks or feels a certain way.

Free Essays on Raymond Carver

Raymond Carver An American short-story writer and poet, Raymond Carver’s style of writing was called minimalism. Carver himself did not like the label, â€Å"because it ‘smacks of smallness of vision and execution.’† (Stull 8) Raymond Clevie Carver, nicknamed Junior, Frog, and Doc, was born on May 25, 1938, in Clatskanie, a mill town on the Columbia River in Oregon. His father, Clevie Raymond Carver (â€Å"C.R.†), rode the rails from Arkansas to Washington state during the dust-bowl days of the 1930’s. C.R., a sawmill worker, was an alcoholic who died at fifty-three. Growing up at home, Carver’s father used to tell him stories about his own hunting and fishing exploits, and about his grandfather, who had fought in the Civil War for both sides. His mother, Ella Casey Carver, supplemented the family income by working as a waitress and retail clerk. When Raymond was three, the family moved to Yakima, Washington, a town of twenty thousand near the Cascades, where he grew up. Carver went to a local school in Yakima, and graduated in 1956. He was a fan of Mickey Spillane novels and Sports Afield and Outdoor Life. Soon after graduating, Carver married his pregnant, sixteen-year-old girlfriend named Maryann Burk. During the early years of their marriage, Carver worked as a janitor, a laborer at a sawmill, and as a salesman. Maryann worked as a waitress, a salesperson, and an administrative assistant and teacher. The Carver’s had two children who, although having a rough childhood, eventually both graduated from college. In 1958, Carver moved his family to Paradise, California and enrolled in Chico State College as a part-time student. Here he takes a creative writing course taught by John Gardner. This is where he first becomes interested in writing. In 1960 Carver transfers to Humboldt State College and published his first story, 'Pastoral,' in the Western Humanites Review, and his first poem, 'The Brass ... Free Essays on Raymond Carver Free Essays on Raymond Carver Raymond Carver An American short-story writer and poet, Raymond Carver’s style of writing was called minimalism. Carver himself did not like the label, â€Å"because it ‘smacks of smallness of vision and execution.’† (Stull 8) Raymond Clevie Carver, nicknamed Junior, Frog, and Doc, was born on May 25, 1938, in Clatskanie, a mill town on the Columbia River in Oregon. His father, Clevie Raymond Carver (â€Å"C.R.†), rode the rails from Arkansas to Washington state during the dust-bowl days of the 1930’s. C.R., a sawmill worker, was an alcoholic who died at fifty-three. Growing up at home, Carver’s father used to tell him stories about his own hunting and fishing exploits, and about his grandfather, who had fought in the Civil War for both sides. His mother, Ella Casey Carver, supplemented the family income by working as a waitress and retail clerk. When Raymond was three, the family moved to Yakima, Washington, a town of twenty thousand near the Cascades, where he grew up. Carver went to a local school in Yakima, and graduated in 1956. He was a fan of Mickey Spillane novels and Sports Afield and Outdoor Life. Soon after graduating, Carver married his pregnant, sixteen-year-old girlfriend named Maryann Burk. During the early years of their marriage, Carver worked as a janitor, a laborer at a sawmill, and as a salesman. Maryann worked as a waitress, a salesperson, and an administrative assistant and teacher. The Carver’s had two children who, although having a rough childhood, eventually both graduated from college. In 1958, Carver moved his family to Paradise, California and enrolled in Chico State College as a part-time student. Here he takes a creative writing course taught by John Gardner. This is where he first becomes interested in writing. In 1960 Carver transfers to Humboldt State College and published his first story, 'Pastoral,' in the Western Humanites Review, and his first poem, 'The Brass ...

Chasidim and Old Order Amish A Comparison essays

Chasidim and Old Order Amish A Comparison essays Chasidim and Old Order Amish: A Comparison The two groups to be examined are the Chasidim and the Old Order Amish. We will begin with a brief look at the history of each group. The Chasidim, or Hasidim, as more commonly known, are a cult within the tradition of Judaism. The word Hasid derives from the Hebrew word for pious. Hasidism dates back to the early eighteenth century and originated in central and Eastern Europe. Its founder was a man named Israel ben Eliezer (c.1700-1760). He is otherwise known as the Baal Shem Tov. In Hebrew Baal Shem means, master of the [good] name. It is a title given to men who are endowed with mystical powers. According to Hasidic belief, Adonai (God) chooses these men. The Baal Shem Tov taught a new way of practicing Judaism that was strikingly different than what was considered acceptable at that time. It was his contention that God was everywhere and in all things-including man. There was no need for rigorous study of Torah (the Pentateuch, or Five Books of Moses). A mans education-or lack thereof, is unimportant. Accordingly, an honest prayer from an unlearned Jew is just as powerful than a prayer made by a talmid chachem (an expert in Talmud). The Besht insisted that unity with God was possible through spontaneous prayer, ecstatic emotion, song, and dance. Jews were to embrace their raw emotions, release their passions-and not to suppress them as they might interfere with the analytic study of Judaism. This new way of worship was unlike anything that had been previously seen in Judaism. It appealed to great numbers of Jews, namely the uneducated masses. The rise of popularity of Hasidism was also aided by its timing. As Leo Rosten writes about the Baal Shem Tov in his book The Joys of Yiddish, He brought the excitement of hope into the lives of Polish Jewry, who had been decimat...

Alternatives to Incarceration

Provision of sustainable security in the society should be a collaborative endeavor between the government and social institutions which form the community. The government has a legal authority to mitigate crime activities through the criminal justice system, a factor that leads to incarceration. On the other hand, social institutions such as the family, church, and learning institutions play the ultimate role of instill reliable character and behaviors to members of the community as a tool for promoting social acceptable conduct in the society (Reisig, Cole, Clear, 2008). According to psychologists, the development of character traits on the young generation is mainly based on the surrounding environment. This is because the young engage in copying and adopting the behaviors of other in the community. Nevertheless, social institutions have failed in ensuring an environment that can promote reliable character among members. Such has been blamed for inhibiting the process of effectively fighting crime in the community. The author seeks to give a discussion on the question; why should we expect the correctional system to be able to accomplish so much when so many other social institutions have failed? When family, school, and churches are unable to inculcate law-abiding behavior. Why should we be surprised if the correctional also system fails? Possible solutions to the problems affecting the effectiveness of American correctional system will also be given. The American correctional system effectiveness The American correctional system has been blamed for its failure in ensuring sustainable reforming of criminals to reflective compatible character and behavior in the society. According to its mandate, the correctional system is marked with the responsibility of incarcerating crime offenders as a mechanism for instilling behavioral change from crime activities. Nevertheless, numerous research findings have evidently shown a high rate of recidivism into criminal behavior by criminals upon release from correctional facilities (Conis, DeLisi, 2009). Indeed, such findings indicate that victims from correctional facilities are more likely to engage in more serious criminal activities than before their incarceration. Numerous factors have been closely attributed with this failure of the American correctional system. First, the system is faced with the problem of addressing individual needs of criminals as a potential drive to committing crime in the society (Western, Weiman, Pattillo, 2004). As an example, the criminal justice system of American has received for failing to appreciate the psychological requirements of drug related crime offenders as well as mentally impaired criminals. According to psychological evidence, imposing punishment on drug abusers and mentally impaired victims serves no more than torture. This is because these individuals have their reasoning and judgmental capability compromised. This has the implication that crime offenders who have mental or drug abuse history can only be effectively corrected by engaging them in resolving their psychological problems first. This has nevertheless, been a major failure in the American correctional system. True from available statistical evidence, drug related crime activities are the leading source of prison population in the American community (Conis, DeLisi, 2009). In fact, this statistics indicate that an estimated over 40 percent of prison population in US is comprised of convicts of drug related crimes. Despite this fact, the correctional system has invested limited resources in establishing rehabilitation rather than incarceration facilities. Another factor which has been associated with the failure of the American correctional system is poor influence among inmates in the correctional facilities. The Federal Bureau of Prisons as the federal agency responsible for administering prisons has been quite efficient in appreciating the need to categorize prisoners depending on their crime. Based on this reasoning, the agency currently operates five security levels of correctional facilities in the nation which accommodate victims depending on the level of security needed (Western, Weiman, Pattillo, 2004). Such facilities range from low security prison camps with weak or no fenced perimeters to high secure prison marked with wall reinforced double-fenced perimeters and high prison guard to inmate ratio. On the contrary, it is commonly asserted that conviction and sentencing of criminals remains the decision of the criminal law courts. Just to be appreciated here is the fact that court trails in the nation are based on the due process procedure clause of the constitution. On the other hand, this constitutional provision bases its decisions on facts presented and the strength of defense given by the defendant in the case (Western, Weiman, Pattillo, 2004). This has the implication that such decisions are subject to error. Indeed, available information has claimed of numerous incidences of unequal conviction for priority criminals. This is because these criminals have been through the system several time and effectively identified the numerous escape loopholes in the system. Based on the above reasoning, the process of categorizing criminals in the correctional facilities based on court judgments remains a major setback to qualify security needs and mitigate poor influence among convicted crime offenders (Conis, DeLisi, 2009). This is because the process leads to accommodating of various levels of criminals in the same, a factor which promotes crime behavioral influence to first time offenders. Such is the reason behind the claim that victims of imprisonment potentially engage in more serious crime upon release from prison. Therefore, the failure of American correctional system can be closely attributed to lack of an efficient mechanism for identifying and group criminals depending on their crime gravity and required correction strategies. Over the passed three decades, the America correctional system has witnessed a high rate of increase in the number of prisoners held in its correctional facilities. This has no doubt been the source for numerous social and political concerns on the problem of overcrowding in the prisons (Meares, 2007). On the other side, overcrowding is to be blamed for increasing facility strain, thus leading to poor living conditions for inmates. According to psychological principles, character is build through persistent instilling of ideas in an individuals subconscious mind. This means that given long-term inhuman conditions imposed by prisoners, they are only bound top develop an attitude of less value for life and others in the society. In addition, numerous research findings have identified a close link between prisoner and prison guard behavior based on correctional facility conditions. It is no doubt that correctional facilities are marked with sense of authority from the prison guards forcing inmates to feel powerless and depersonalized (Wilson, 1993). On the other side, pushed against the wall, human beings are bound to fight back. This implies that the harsh condition imposed on prisoners in correctional facility is a potential cause for law defiance mentality among prisoners. Such attitudes are bound to be transfer to the community level by inmates upon their release, an element that negates their ability to respect law and order in the community. Social institutions as failures in inculcating law-abiding behavior   Sustainable behavior among the young generation is based on the influence brought to them by underlying social institutions in the society. This is based on the fact that at birth a child is purely innocent, only to development attitude and character with time. It is due to this reason why most criminal behaviors in the community are blamed to poor family influence on the young members of the community (Reisig, Cole, Clear, 2008). Family violence in the society is one of the numerous reasons for the failure by parents in promoting law abiding behavior among children. This is because such practices leave parents with limited time to monitor and address behavioral issues of their children.

Moral Responsibility of a Leader Research Paper

Moral Responsibility of a Leader - Research Paper Example Intercultural impacts and massive communication facilities are leading us towards next major evolutionary step in human history, the world citizenship. Every individual involved in this process is required to lead an interconnected group in a subtle way. Hence every citizen of the planet is required to hone their leadership abilities like never before. Their leadership quality should be governed by ethics more than personal or group oriented preferences (Schmidt, 2007). But, the way the world works show we are treading in the exact opposite direction. No one ever takes responsibility of any mishap. Rush Kidder pinpoints the lack of this major moral responsibility as â€Å"Ethics Recession†. We will discuss the reasons for the situation, its adverse affects and the means to change into better leaders in this paper. Introduction Every moral leader is responsible not only for their actions but also the dealings they could have prevented doing for the welfare of everyone. Huge corporate companies and conglomerations which will lead this technological era should have iron willed leaders capable of choosing the best for both their company as well as the world in general. This is where ethics come is picture. Every good leader considers all the given options and its alternatives before taking any major decision. They analyze the consequences and the emotional impacts that might affect his crew and others in general. They take firm decisions which are profitable to the company and his employees. They also take the moral responsibility for any discomfort caused by this action (Taylor, 2000). They compensate groups or people affected in the required way and convince them to co-operate in the big picture of development, putting aside their personal grievances. This is exactly how moral leaders behaved for centuries. But the question here is ‘Why is there a sudden decline in such effective leadership?’ Every problem the world faces today, from economical recession to, terrorism and infiltration are a result of this lack of moral leadership (Anello, 2006). The US housing bubble, a major reason for the recession is the best example for what lack of work ethics will do. What happene d to our modern and moral citizens? Will world citizens be well dressed cannibals eating others opportunities whenever possible? If so is it development or a path to destruction? To find suitable answers to these questions we should first define â€Å"Morals† and â€Å"Ethics† The Enormous Responsibility of Leadership The word â€Å"Value† refers to something of importance. A commodity or a products value is determined based on its importance. Similarly the â€Å"Value† of a person is also determined based on his position or status. The decision taken by the ruler or the leader has more â€Å"Value† than the decision taken by a normal man. But every leader including the King was expected to follow some moral conducts known as â€Å"ethics† to maintain this â€Å"value† or their position in the ancient world. When the mob refused to follow its ethics, dictators arouse. When Kings failed to add â€Å"Value† to their decisions thr ough non ethical conduct, the church condemned them and revolutions arouse. The higher the position is the necessity to follow the code of conduct or ethics increases. Hence most of the nobles, church dignitaries and Kings

BIOTECHNOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

BIOTECHNOLOGY - Essay Example Clinical trials are more than efficacy and safety; they are designed to provide information about different types of outcomes of the invention. Studies relating to pharmaceutical product are carried out in clinical trials to reveal what does the product does to the body. Pharmacokinetics studies are also done to determine the proper dosing, which can vary according to race, sex and metabolic differences. Pharmacodynamic studies are also used to examine the ability, safety and the clinical activity of the drug or device. Thus, clinical trials are significant, since it examines the interventions in details before it hits the market to common man. When the drug or any intervention is set for clinical trial, the experimentation stages are over. All the data regarding the invention are already been recorded, when it is set for clinical trial, it is to determine whether it can be utilized by humans or not. For example in case of any drug, the experiments relating to its origin, purification, its release etc, are already over when it hits the clinical trial. The study is also been carried in humans to determine the dosage, its side effects, after-effects etc. The safety and the effectiveness of the medication or device on a specific kind of patients are assessed. It is also assessed whether the new medication or device is more effective for the patient`s condition than the already used, standard medication or device. Thus, a clinical trail is not a set of experiments; it a set of both observational and interventional study. 3. What does safety really mean? [Hint: airplanes are relatively safe but every once in a while, an air plane will fall out of the sky. Does that mean we should ban airplane travel How is the safety of air travel any different than the safety of Vioxx or the safety of the drug-eluting stent?]. Drug safety has many implications on its use. In general practice

A critical evaluation of one aspect of contemporary hospitality Essay - 1

A critical evaluation of one aspect of contemporary hospitality management - Essay Example nstances, ordering, deliverance, imbursement, and stocking are commenced and completed by information which is captured by examining equipment with little involvement of human resources. Some hotel chains used to sell their ownership to the foreign investors though still keeping control. This provides them with the capital which was required for further growth. The classifications of regular American Hotel are: commercial hotels, conference centres, airport hotels, economy hotels, residential hotels, suite hotels, casino hotels, and resort hotels (Irs, 2014). The hotel industry varies from privately owned businesses to major global groups with more than six lakh room (Irs, 2014). The international hospitality industry involves the organizations or companies which provide accommodation and food to the individuals. It covers broad range of locations, jobs, activities, as well as economic brackets. The hospitality industry involves four sectors which are beverage and food, recreation, l odging, and tourism and travel. The travel industry moves people to different places while tourism industry offers with services which promote vacations and travel (Teare and Olsen, 1992). The Gaviota Tourism Group (Group de Turismo Gaviota) is founded in 1988 having situated in Cuba. It is the company with the dynamic expansion in the monarchy of the tourism industry in Cuba; present in major travel destinations and is also working progressively for the growth of the country. As of today, the Gaviota Tourism Group runs total 52 facilities amongst villas and hotels, with 19,214 rooms in function, with more than 650 million of yearly sales and also an average annually development of the hotel portfolio of 12.4%. The growth rate of this hotel industry will stay at a point of 20.3% yearly, ending with more than 4,000 rooms every year, therefore doubling the figure of guestrooms which is estimated to reach 46,000 by 2017 (Gaviota, 2014). For more than 26 years of the hotel excellence as

Global Depository Receipts (GDR) and convertible bonds Law of Intl Essay

Global Depository Receipts (GDR) and convertible bonds Law of Intl Finance - Essay Example DRs offer a number of benefits to investors seeking to diversify internationally. DRs greatly facilitate trading in foreign securities by reducing the risk of fraud. While foreign companies shares typically are written in the language of the issuer, DRs are usually issued in the language of the issuing agent. DRs are legal obligations of the issuing agent and not of the firm that issued the stock. Thus, the risk of falling prey of bogus certificates is eliminated. As such, DRs overcome many of the obstacles that mutual funds, pension funds, and other financial institutions have in investing and holding securities outside the homeland. (Geiders 1997, cited in Webster, 1998, p. 2). DRs are also convenient. Securities do not have to be delivered through international mail, prices are quoted in pounds or U.S. dollars, and pay dividends or interest in the home currency. In fact, the prices of a number of foreign stocks routinely are reported in the financial press. Importantly, global cus todian safekeeping charges associated with purchasing foreign securities are eliminated, which could save the investor as much as 40 basis points annually. (Webster, 1998) An important function of DRs is that they enable foreign firms to raise capital in the most lucrative markets for investment capital such as Great Britain and United States. Listing shares directly on UK or U.S. stock exchanges, however, is problematic, Disclosure requirements are among the strictest in the world. Foreign firms also face significant costs producing UK or U.S.-style financial statements. DRs provide foreign firms with a way around these listing problems. While the potential benefits of direct foreign investment are connected to overseas diversification the potential disadvantages to investing in DRs also are communicated by overseas diversification risks: fluctuating currency values, lower liquidity, and foreign tax liability. Fluctuating currency values. An investor does not have to exchange currency to purchase DRs, but DR prices are still influenced by fluctuating currency values. Since the pricing of DRs reflects the UK pounds value of a foreign security currency movements will work to an investor's advantage when the foreign country's currency drops in value in relation to the UK currency. But the opposite also is true. The value of DRs will drop when the foreign currency increases in value against the UK pound of sterlings. Overall, DRs still tend to track with the performance of their corresponding foreign securities. Lower liquidity. Most DRs are not as actively traded as foreign shares that are traded directly As a result, DRs may not be as easy to liquidate. Brokers that specialize in trading DRs, however, can liquidate them by instructing the foreign custodian to sell the underlying securities. Foreign tax liability. Although DRs pay dividends in pounds, these payments represent conversions of foreign dividends paid to a custodian on the underlying securities. As a result, DR holders must pay foreign taxes on these dividends. Although many DRs are considered highly

Gran Torino Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Gran Torino - Movie Review Example When main hero Walt first comes to Thao’s house as a guest he feels alienated and doesn’t speak to anybody (Miller & Vandome & McBrewster, 56). So do all the other members of the family who ignore him. He only speaks with Thao and his sister who are young and therefore don’t feel so secluded. Now even starting with simple displays of respect we can already see that intercultural communication goes wrong in this scene when it can be done better. Asian people rarely shake hands and they traditionally prefer to present their respect in a form of bow. Walt wants to give everybody his hand to shake but he doesn’t succeed and afterwards even bows himself as he understands that it is he who is a guest and therefore should conform to the rules. But because Walt thinks of those people as guests in his country he can’t realize it at once and his intercultural communication evolves slowly with the flow of a storyline. Using this scene again it will be acceptab le to apply here interaction management too. If Thao’s elderly family members and Walt instead of defiantly not talking with each other try to maintain a conversation about, for example, their neighborhood in which all of them happen to live whether they like it or not it would be easier for them to become closer. Next example is a general relationship between Thao and Walt who are completely different in age, nation, culture, tradition and views. But paradoxically this difference attracts them because they are so different from everybody that they seek understanding.

Inter Office Memoramdum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inter Office Memoramdum - Essay Example In response to your query about the type and effectiveness of an economic policy as a large part of campaign, here I am presenting the following details that will give you an insight about the pros and cons associated with each policy and the basic complementary things associated with each courses of action. In order to have a control over finance, there are two courses of action namely Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy. These are basically two separate, yet equally important strategies by which we can enact and control our finances and can stabilize economics fluctuation (Iwamoto, 2005, p.3). This came into play mainly after the Great Depression of the 1930’s when it was necessary to regulate how and what was happening financially, how money was being taken in and then later spent, how budgets were enacted, how banks could conduct business, and so forth. Following paragraphs give detail about both Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy. The process by which the government, central bank, or monetary authority manages the supply of money or trading in foreign exchange markets is referred as Monetary Policy. Monetary Policy is based on the relationship between the rates of interest in an economy, that is the price at which money can be borrowed and the total supply of money. It employs a variety of tools like monetary base, reserve requirements, discount window landing and interest rates to control the price at which money can be borrowed or the total supply of money hence influences the outcomes of economy like economic growth, inflation, exchange rates with other currencies and unemployment.

Gran Torino Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Gran Torino - Movie Review Example When main hero Walt first comes to Thao’s house as a guest he feels alienated and doesn’t speak to anybody (Miller & Vandome & McBrewster, 56). So do all the other members of the family who ignore him. He only speaks with Thao and his sister who are young and therefore don’t feel so secluded. Now even starting with simple displays of respect we can already see that intercultural communication goes wrong in this scene when it can be done better. Asian people rarely shake hands and they traditionally prefer to present their respect in a form of bow. Walt wants to give everybody his hand to shake but he doesn’t succeed and afterwards even bows himself as he understands that it is he who is a guest and therefore should conform to the rules. But because Walt thinks of those people as guests in his country he can’t realize it at once and his intercultural communication evolves slowly with the flow of a storyline. Using this scene again it will be acceptab le to apply here interaction management too. If Thao’s elderly family members and Walt instead of defiantly not talking with each other try to maintain a conversation about, for example, their neighborhood in which all of them happen to live whether they like it or not it would be easier for them to become closer. Next example is a general relationship between Thao and Walt who are completely different in age, nation, culture, tradition and views. But paradoxically this difference attracts them because they are so different from everybody that they seek understanding.

College Essay Essay Example for Free

College Essay Essay The last two years I have been on the high school gymnastics team. Before that I was in club gymnastics, yet somehow both are very different from each other. When I started high school gymnastics I didn’t know what to expect. Everyone was very friendly and excited to start the season, just like I was. In club gymnastics, it seemed more like an individual sport. High school gymnastics has been such a good and different experience. It may seem like gymnastics would be the same no matter where you went, with routines and working out the same. But in high school, you see your friends in the gym and during school too. I have made so many friends and new relationships with people with different interests and personalities, that I didn’t think I would ever get to know. I have learned from these relationships how to respect people more and treat people how you would want to be treated. It has helped me to understand people better and how to respond to people in different situations. Now it may seem like I only did gymnastics for friends, but that’s not true. I have been in gymnastics since I was 3 years old. It has taught me so much more than just friendship. It has taught me self- discipline, courage, strength (physically, and mentally), and now that I’m older, leadership. In life I consider those very important traits to have. I can take what I’ve learned in gymnastics and apply it to everyday life. We would have to set goals for gymnastics on certain skills we wanted to get by a certain time. I have used that to set goals for the future and where I want to be in 5 – 10 years. Not only did I set those goals, but I know what I have to do to achieve those goals. And having self –discipline helps me keep myself on track to make sure I get things done, not just with goals in life, but also with everyday things. For example, juggling school work and gymnastics. I have to keep myself on track to make sure I understand the material to keep my grades up. So gymnastics has really taught me a lot, not only throughout my life, but these last two years especially. It has helped me over come things I didn’t think I could handle by myself. I can honestly say gymnastics has made me the person I am today, and can’t wait to see the things colleges brings my way in the future.

Analysing Health Status Of Gypsy Travellers

Analysing Health Status Of Gypsy Travellers Traveller gypsies have resided in the British Isles for over 500 years, making them one of the largest ethnic minorities. They experience widespread prejudice and discrimination from the settled population. Health care for traveller gypsies has resulted in poor access to services and relative neglect of their health needs. This essay will focus on inequalities in health experienced by gypsy and traveller communities also discuss why they occur and will critically discuss the various national and local initiatives that have helped to improve the health of gypsies and travellers. The travelling lifestyle itself is not necessarily a cause for the disparity in health status; on the contrary, many Travellers and those working with them see the reduced opportunity to live their traditional lifestyle as a major cause of increased physical and mental ill health. travel experience frequent fear and the reality of constant evictions and alienation of local people. In decades gone by Travellers were often welcomed for the trades and services that they provided to the local community, such as fruit picking, scrap metal dealing, etc. They had their traditional stopping places; most of which have now disappeared, along with some of the opportunities for casual work. Poverty has sometimes been cited as the main cause of poor health in this group. Economic hardship. Lack of education is another factor that can adversely influence health. Low literacy attainment is still a major problem for most adult Travellers, mainly because so few attended school on a regular basis, if at all. The 1996 Ofsted report stated that of an estimated 50à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °000 Traveller children aged 0-16 years as many as 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °000 secondary school aged children were not registered at all, and attendance by the remainder was considerably below the acceptable standard for settled children.16There are many reasons, apart from the obvious one of mobility, for the reluctance of Travellers to send their children to school, especially after they have passed primary school age. Some of the reasons are cultural, such as the tradition that from the age of about 12 the children need a family education to understand and take on roles and responsibilities within the family. Formal education still has little relevance to a culture that has always relied on practical skills and self employment. Often there is a fear about assimilation; that the children will not only be educated out of their culture but also that they may pick up different and unacceptable moral values. Parents are also often anxious about bullying and prejudice. Attendance is also affected by the need to participate in all the many cultural and religious events. No community is immune from child abuse and it must be acknowledged that abuse could more easily go undetected in the Traveller community. Traveller culture deems that they sort out problems without help or perceived interference from outside. There is historical distrust of social workers because many Gypsies and Travellers throughout Europe have lost children into care, usually because of lack of support for their lifestyle, rather than as a result of evidence of child abuse. However, Travellers view child abuse as totally abhorrent and most would claim that it does not exist within their culture. Most professionals working with Travellers would agree with Cemlyn17 that there appears to be less evidence of child abuse in the very child centred Traveller community than in the non-Traveller community. Travellers do tend to be strict disciplinarians but there is also a high level of physical affection within families. Enlightened social services departments, such as Bromley, recognise the Traveller lifestyle and state that they take Traveller culture into consideration in their assessments and are careful to offer support. It is recognised that there is a strong cultural expectation that Travellers stay at home and learn their roles full time from early teens and girls in particular carry out domestic tasks and help rear their younger siblings from an early age.18 Griffiths illustrates this with a quote from a mother about the best way to keep her baby amused: just love it, kiss it, talk to it and cuddle it.19 However, Griffiths and Arnold also point to children who do appear to suffer from emotional neglect, either because there have been too many siblings too quickly, or because mothers suffering from their own problems, such as domestic violence, deprivation and depression, are too absorbed in their problems to meet the emotional needs of their children.19 There are other factors that affect the health status of Travellers. A national population based study of health of Irish Travellers showed a greater prevalence of congenital anomalies in Travellers compared with Irish Eastern Health Board region births (5.5%v 2.9%) and a significant difference in the prevalence of metabolic conditions with autosomal recessive inheritance (12.4/1000 v 1.3/1000). The incidence of first cousin marriages in the Traveller population was 19% compared with 0.16% in a settled population.14 Families at risk require culturally sensitive genetic counselling to enable them to make informed decisions. The Traveller community perceives substantial economic and social advantages in these consanguineous unions (A Bittles, 1996, personal communication).15 Access to health care Poor access to health care is the almost universal experience of Travellers; inequality in the availability and use of health services in relation to need is in itself socially unjust and requires alleviation.20 The alienation and discrimination experienced by Travellers is one of the most important factors influencing their health: the central problem for the Traveller population in this country is the hostility of the settled population.13 This hostility is expressed by all levels of society and is seemingly reinforced by successive government policies. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 recently removed rights and introduced new penalties for travelling, thus effectively criminalising their nomadic way of life.22 The experience of trying to obtain health care can be extremely humiliating and rejecting. It increases stress and can cause a potentially serious delay in receiving appropriate treatment. Travellers often lack information about services, partly because of literacy problems. Many general practitioners will not have Travellers on their lists. A survey in East London showed that 10% of practices would not accept them at all.23 Blatant prejudice about Travellers is evidently politically acceptable, although a similar policy about black patients would be treated as racial discrimination. Missed appointments are a frequent source of irritation to health care providers, but appointments might not be received when the family has no postal address or has been forced to move to another area. The situation has worsened since the introduction of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. Travellers are now moved on much more quickly (often just by threat of enforcement), which adds to their problems in keeping medical appointments. Professionals are often reluctant to offer further appointments even when the family want to attend. Travellers fear being detected too quickly by authorities because of the risk of eviction, so the first contact with health workers may be when a child has to be taken to the local hospital. In some areas, where there are major difficulties, a salaried general practitioner approach is now being piloted for Travellers and homeless people. The obvious advantages are that the general practitioner is freed from financial concerns in meeting targets and can build up a trusting relationship with the Traveller community. Usually, the salaried general practitioner will have chosen to work with this group, as will the rest of the primary care team, and therefore be culturally sensitive and more readily understand their circumstances and concerns. Continuity of care will be more likely because of the trust engendered. It is also more likely that preventative services will be accepted because the surgery will be less likely to be seen as a crisis only venue. Although it can be reasonably argued that a Traveller specific service further reinforces the social exclusion of Travellers, until primary care services in general can more readily adapt to Travellers on their lists there will be a continued benefit in provision of salaried general practitioner services. Other obstacles to provision of health care include different cultural attitudes to precise dates (including dates of birth) and time, and different perceptions of illness and treatment. In a study of Travellers perceptions and experiences of health, the concept of time figured frequently and was seen as an important issue.24 Lack of access to medical records affects continuity of care, and the National Association of Health Workers with Travellers (NAHWT) is currently seeking government backing to launch and promote the use of a national client held record for Travellers. As with other minorities, the first essential is knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of their culture. This helps staff to overcome the various obstacles to health care and to deal with their own exasperation about the perceived lack of conformity in the Traveller community.

Marilyn Manson :: essays research papers

History The first signs of Marilyn Manson was in 1989 in Southern Florida, when Manson, then a Ohio-born photojournalism major, and Daisy, then a guitarist who had been through five bands, came together and formed a band. Their names were changed to Marilyn Manson and Daisy Berkowitz. The names would come from different tabloid TV shit. By 1990, Marilyn Manson became Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids. Manson was singer, Daisy the lead guitar, Gidget Gein as bass, Madonna Wayne Gacy on the keyboards (he replaced the original keyboardist: Zsa Zsa Speck), and a drum machine. They opened for NIN, and Trent was very impressed with them and would help them in the future in many different ways. In 1991, Sara Lee Lucas replaced the old drum machine, and in 1992, Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids became just Marilyn Manson. By then, they had gathered fame all over the locals. They even won two straight Band of Year honors at a local music award thing. Singles such as "Dope Hat", "Lunchbox", "My Monkey" had already won the support of the people. 1993 was a very busy year. They got a contract from Trent Reznor's new own label Nothing and got a spot on NIN's 94 tour. The making of their first album, "Portrait of an American Family", was underway. Trent Reznor was the producer of the album. At the end of 93, Gidget Gein, bass, was no more a part of the band. His is drug problems had apparently gone out of hand. Twiggy Ramirez, from Amboog-A-Lard, became the new bassist. 1994 was the major breakthrough for the Manson family. National tours with NIN gained them fame and other things. In Salt Lake City, they were banned for the first time in Manson history. Manson got to meet Dr. Anton Szandor LaVey. He is the founder of the Church of Satan. Dr. LaVey named Manson as a priest of the Church of Satan. Hence the title Reverend was given to Manson. It seems now "Reverend Manson" is the preferred name for Manson. During the tour with other bands, Sara Lee Lucas, drummer, was kicked off the Manson family. Relations between him and Manson had been very bad throughout the tour. Ginger Fish was the chosen replacement for Sara. Then Daisy, one of the original Mansons quit in 1996. His replacement was chosen as ZimZum. And during 1996, Marilyn Manson released probably his best record, Antichrist Superstar.

Ulysses by Lord Alferd Tennyson :: Ulysses Lord Alferd Tennyson

Ulysses by Lord Alferd Tennyson Lord Alferd Tennyson presents to us in the poem â€Å"Ulysses† an old sailor, a warrior and a king who is in retrospection on his experiences of a lifetime of travel. Ulysses old age and strong will causes him to be restless and unable to be comfortable at home. He chooses a life of travel over his family because that is what he knows best. Because of his faults, we identify with his character. As a result, Ulysses attempts to go on to face a new but familiar journey, not knowing if it would be his last. By connecting with Ulysses' courage he awakens the heroic spirit in all of us. At home Ulysses is unable to adjust to old age. Regardless of his physical body he feels his spirit is still longing for travel. He feels as though his wife is too old, and he governs the people with no respect, â€Å"Matched with an aged wife, I mete and dole / Unequal laws unto a savage race, / That hord, and sleep, and feed, and know not of me†(3-5). Ulysses condescends his own son by describing his timidness to rule the people and how his son is more capable of the common duties. Ulysses boasts with a sense of superiority in trying to reassure himself. This is my son, mine own Telemachus, / To whom I leave the scepter and the isle- / Well-loved of me, discerning to fulfill / This labor, by slow prudence to make mild / A rugged people, and through soft degrees / Subdue them to the useful and the good. / Most blameless is he, centered in the sphere / Of common duties, decent not to fail / In offices of tenderness, and pay / Meet adoration to my household gods, / When I am gone. He works his work, I mine (33-43). Being a life long traveler prevented Ulysses from learning any of the responsibilities of being a father and a husband. Instead, he was traveling abroad consoling with kings, generals and gods, traveling to â€Å"cities of men / And manners, climates, councils, governments†(13-14). The only thing he gained from his travels was the unending quest for more. Retiring home is an unsatisfying dull life, which is impossible for Ulysses bear. After all the battles and fame he has won Ulysses realizes his old age and feels required to â€Å"pause, to make and end, / To rust unburnished, not to shine in use! / As though to breathe were life!†(22-24) Ulysses reveals on lines 25-31, his old age and fear of dying, but rejects death’s attempt to muscle its way into his life.

Devils Advocate: Chipotle Essay

Chipotle has come a long way since the 1993 introduction of it’s 1-unit operation in Denver; now spanning into a 1,458-unit operation serving more than 900,000 customers per day in over 43 states. [Gamble] However, they haven’t been the only fast-casual restaurants to be successful. In 2012, 8 of the 10 fastest growing restaurant chains were classified as fast-casual restaurants—Moe’s Southwest Grill, Qdoba Mexican Grill, and Chipotle all among these leaders. A strength that is unique to Chipotle is their commitment to â€Å"Food with Integrity†. The transition to using organically grown local produce and naturally raised meats has proven profitable in today’s health craze, which has consumers looking for healthier, MSG-free products. This benefit helps distinguish themselves from their competition. Chipotle faces competition from every direction when it comes to quick serve restaurants. Two restaurants in particular, Five Guys Burgers and Fr ies and Jimmy John’s, are opening new locations faster than Chipotle. [Shaw] A threat of new entry comes into play with Noodles and Company, who have become an immediate hit by adding pasta to the array of fast casual options, taking the burgers and sandwiches industries by surprise. While none of these companies have quite lived up to the potential that Chipotle has created for themselves, they are quickly carving out chunks of market share; something that Chipotle should keep a close eye on. Chipotle’s recently introduced catering program is also an exciting growth opportunity. Panera’s current catering service is estimated to generate up to 8% of their sales. Although in it’s first quarter it comprised of less than 1% of total sales for Chipotle, management is expecting to generate as much, if not more, profit as the competition as customer awareness continues to increase. Taco Bell, one of Chipotles closest competitors, has introduced a Cantina Bell menu that consists of upgraded products wish fresher ingredients that is set just below the price of similar Chipotle products. This, combined with their introduction of the Doritos-based product Doritos Locos Tacos, has allowed Taco Bell to regain ground previously lost, proving they are once again a  significant threat of substitution to Chipotle. Unfortunately, Chipotle is heavily dependent on local farmers for the organic supplies required for their product. Because the supplier power is so high, some Chipotle restaurants in a few markets reverted to the use of conventionally raised beef in early 2012. Due to these rising market prices, Chipotle’s costs for food, beverages, and packing rose from 30.6% of revenues in 2010 to 32.6% in 2012. [Gamble] Chipotle’s Return on Equity is well above the average of 12-15%, sitting at 20.6% in 2011 and 22.3% in 2012. There has also been an increase of .08% between the two years, which proves stockholders investments are continuing to grow. Their Return on Assets measures the return on total monetary investment in the enterprise, with a higher number and upward trend signifying growth. In 2011 it was 42.9% and grew to 50.9% in 2012, showing a .19% increase. The operating profit margin (or ROS) shows the percentage of revenues available to cover operating expenses and yield a profit. Just like the ROA, higher is better and trend should be upward. In 2011 Chipotle sat at 15.4%, and grew to 16.7% in 2012. When looking at liquidity ratio’s, the current ratio show’s the firms ability to pay current liabilities using assets that can be converted to cash in the near term. Ratio’s should definitely be higher than 1.0. Chipotle has done great in this aspect, reac hing 3.183 in 2011. Unfortunately they fell to 2.925 in 2012, which is still well above the average, but is a decrease from 2011. A higher working capital is beneficial so that the company has more internal funds available. In 2011, Chipotle had $343,739, which increased .05% to $359, 749 in 2012. These ratios are an important financial aspect to look at because it determines the ability to invest in market expansion activities, research and development activities, and improvements on features and performance of Chipotle’s products. One key strategic issue that Chipotle faces is their lack of presence internationally. There are a significant amount of expansion opportunities for them to consider. With just 14 locations in the four countries they currently reside in, there is plenty of room to introduce their product worldwide. Yum! Brands, which includes one of Chipotle’s closest competitors (Taco Bell), have 39,000 locations located outside the United States. [Shaw] Needless to say, opening a handful of test locations internationally could provide a plethora of new locations for Chipotle to introduce their product. Another surprising key strategic issue  that they face is global climate change. They identified global weather patterns as business risks in its annual filing last month. If prices of their raw ingredients increase, there is talk that they might temporarily suspend some menu items such as guacamole and some of their salsas. Although Chris Arnold, spokesperson for Chipotle, stated the inform ation was â€Å"nothing more than a routine ‘risk factor’ disclosure† [Vasel], it is nonetheless something Chipotle will have to come up with a creative solution for. Lastly, Chipotles recent partnership with Slow Food USA in support of school gardens across the U.S. could prove extremely beneficial to Chipotle in the future. Not only does this further promote Chipotle’s dedication to sustainability, there is also a marketing angle to the partnership. The more the children know about where food comes from and how it’s prepared, the more health conscious they become. With this knowledge in mind, where do you think they will go for fast food? Chipotle. This is an all around great marketing move on behalf of Chipotle. In conclusion, it would seem beneficial for Chipotle to take a closer look at introducing current, as well as unique and innovative products to new markets. There are plenty of expansion opportunities worldwide for them to build upon the 14 they currently have in business. This would also be an opportunity to capture market share away from Taco Bell and other rivals who have already expanded internationally. It would also be beneficial to create new product lines to compensate for the global climate change challenges they may face in the near future. By creating new foods and dishes to serve different markets, they will be able to acquire suppliers in the local area, and possibly bring some of these innovative ideas back stateside. Their partnership with Slow Food USA could also open doors for them to do similar partnerships internationally; creating a great way for younger generation’s to grow accustomed to Chipotle’s practices. Questions Sources say they have had success on college campuses in the past—do you think Winona would provide an appropriate demographic/geographic presence for success? Haven’t expanded internationally quite yet, if they did where do you think they would have the most success? Sources also say that their guacamole and some salsas are at risk to global climate change and might be dropped from the menu, how would you recommend combating this? Considering  their partnership with Slow Food USA, do you think applying similar practices will help introduce their product internationally? Citations â€Å"Chipotle and Slow Food USA Launch New Partnership Supporting School Gardens.† – MarketWatch. N.p., 8 Oct. 2014. Web. 08 Oct. 2014. Gamble, John, and Arthur A. Thompson. Essentials of Strategic Management: The Quest for Competitive Advantage. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2009. Print. Shaw, Brian. â€Å"4 Ways for Chipotle to Continue Its Strong Growth.† (CMG). N.p., 12 Jan. 2012. Web. 04 Oct. 2014. Vasel, Kathryn B. â€Å"Chipotle: Guacamole at Risk From Global Climate Change.† Fox Business. N.p., 5 Mar. 2014. Web. 03 Oct. 2014.

Geographic History of Henequen in Yucatan, Mexico Essay

In Yucatan, Mexico, one of the main considered exports has been henequen that can be obtained from the plant Agave Fourcroydes. The henequen fiber has become significant to the economic stand of Yucatan since this product has conceived intense demand by international importers, such as the United States, China, Europe, etc. According to Cook (1994), during 1990s, the production of henequen has surged to a total economic export of 150,000 tons annually. In fact, the main production of henequen originates mainly from the state of Yucatan Mexico (p. 29). The state of Yucatan, Mexico, has significantly obtained economic benefits from the exports made through these henequen fibers, such as rope, rigs, sacks, and raw forms. They are usually shipped within the proximity of Merida and other cores of henequen production (Patch, 1993 p. 206). The bloom of henequen during the nineteenth century has significantly boosted the economy of the state, especially considering that they are world’s main exported of this product. From the analysis of the blooms’ occurrence, significant characteristics that have been present in the topographical condition of the state caused this immense bloom and production. The geography and climate of Yucatan State have been considered unique and very much suitable to the growth of henequen. In addition, considering the trends of exports and demands during the early 1900s, the market needs have significantly affected the consumption of the product. However, as the late nineteenth century approaches, the decline in the henequen demand in the market due to various reasons, such as competition, discovery of alternative products and conversion of haciendas in Yucatan, has become significantly noticeable. In the study, the discussion gives emphasis on the chronological history of henequen exports from Yucatan, Mexico. The study starts with the analysis of henequen bloom during the early 1900s until its significant decline during the late 20th century. The study also provides important facts on henequen growth, export historical trends contribution of climate for its growth, and the history of its market decline. Discussion Geography of Yucatan The most evident characteristic of Yucatan Peninsula is the presence of limestone shelf from the eastern to western sections that surfaces above sea level. The limestone shelf of Yucatan is present even below the sea, which is very much evident in the eastern Caribbean side. The key to the growth of Yucatan henequen is the thin limestone soils present as one of the characteristics of their lands (Sauer, 1993 p. 178). The areas of Merida and Ticul comprise the flat plains of Yucatan abundant in limestone deposits. Viewing the areas 60 km south from Merida, vast plains of Yucatan limestone are very much evident and the river areas are flow under the soil. According to Greensfelder & Dogett (2006), the significant characteristic of limestone present in Yucatan is the porous feature, which enables storage of mineral deposits as well as water source. Such features are important in promoting the growth of henequen plants, since the limestone act as the primary nutrient banks of crop roots (p. 17). The borders of the Yucatan state involve the Campeche located in the southern portion, Quintana Roo in the southeastern portion, and the Gulf of Mexico in the north and western perspective. Throughout the peninsula, lakes called lagunas are very much evident and from here on, Yucatan has also utilized cenotes or the collapsed freshwater caverns in order to obtain their freshwater. Yucatan also has their limestone pools called chenes, which also acts as their freshwater storage since the water deposits are usually brought by the underground streams. From this variety of ecologic characteristics has aroused the vast variation of exotic flora and fauna that kept the survival of Mayan civilization present in the area (Perry, 2001 p. 9). Climatology of Yucatan The Yucatan climate entails humid temperatures from November to February, while the driest season progress from November to April. Yucatan climatology is usually tropical and hot temperature progresses in an annual scope. The average annual temperatures for the Mexican Caribbean is 78 degrees F or 25. 5 degrees C with significant deviations of 5 to 7 degrees F. During the day temperatures can push into the 80s and overnight temperatures can drop as low as the 50s and low 60s degree F. The coolest months in this region are the between December to February, where the average highs are from 74 to 76 degrees F (Page, 2005 p. 10). Analyzing one of the areas where henequen is prominently produced, Merida, which is tropical and humid, obtains the annual precipitation of about 1,050mm, which signifies to potential evapotransportation of 2,000 mm (Anton, 1996 p. 118). The climatic condition of wet and dry area has been beneficial to the industry of henequen growth since this plant tend to adapt to tropical and humid environment, which describes Yucatan peninsula as the perfect place. Added by Anton (1996), the precipitation rates present in the entire peninsula accounts to a variation of 500 mm near the northwestern shore to more than 1,300 mm in the northeastern (p. 118). The Yucatan climate has been viewed as one of the contributors for the plant’s intense growth. The Agave Fourcroydes (Henequen) The henequen plant is very similar to the usual African sisal; hence, it has acquired the name Yucatan Sisal. The Agave fourcroydes plant can be easily recognized through their leaves that have a prickly and grayish green color. The leaves are processed in the same fashion as sisal, while the strands are carefully cleansed and place under the sun to dry (Cook, 1984 p. 29). The henequen stalks can extend up to 2 meters long and 10 cm to 15 cm wide. The preferential disadvantage of this plant is the presence of thorns, which is also viewed as one of the primary reasons for the preference of consumer to African sisal since stalks their stalks are free from thorns. A cultivated henequen plant can yield about 25 leaves annually from the fifth to the 16th year after its planting. Most commonly, the henequen plant can survive and grow for seven years without intensive maintenance. In fact, with the favorable topographical condition of Yucatan, the henequen plant usually survives without being attended by farmers (Greensfelder and Doggett, 2003 p. 191). The process of extracting fiber from this plant involves the cutting of their leaves and, from the factories; they grind these until the fiber strands are revealed. The main use of henequen is for the binder twine in wheat harvesting. The advantage of henequen product over synthetic fibers is its resistance to marine life propagation, such as algae, barnacles, etc (Greensfelder and Doggett, 2003 p. 191).

Psychology and Crime Essay

There are a number of other theories developed by researchers including Bandura (1986), Beck (1982), Ellis (1976) and Ross and Fabiano (1985) describing cognitive structures or thinking frameworks that lead to troubled or criminal behaviour. These theories suggest that how an individual thinks about an external event, not the event itself, can trigger feelings that lead to criminal behaviour. Cognitive restructuring enables offenders to change their anti-social attitudes and beliefs through a process that focuses on the individuals thinking patterns. Kohlberg (1978) in the theory of moral development was concerned with the cognitive processes behind moral judgement. He used the work of Piaget (1932) and suggested that moral reasoning advances with age. Offending occurs when there is a delay in moral development and the offender does not have the reasoning to resist temptation from offending. (Hollin as citied in Maguire 2002) This could explain why some criminals are seen to ‘grow out’ of criminality. This theory has been criticised on the basis that Kohlberg was explaining moral reasoning not moral behaviour. In conclusion psychoanalytical accounts do not offer a satisfactory explanation of crime but neither do any of the other theories on their own. Psychoanalytic theories concentrate on the unconscious, which is a contributing factor in the explanation of crime but the theory cannot explain all types of crime. Learning theories look at the values and beliefs that are learnt through the environment however they do not take into account internal or cognitive factors. Cognitive approaches help us to understand crime but do not explain the causes of crime. Cognitive theories focus on the individual and how the individual can be treated to change. This is why they are in favour with criminal justice at the moment. The theories assume that all offenders are the same however it is only crime itself that can be described in such a uniform way. In order to explain crime all the available theories including sociological theories need to be taken into account. As for psychoanalytical theories â€Å"Psychoanalytical theories stress the inner processes and conflicts as determinants of behaviour. However they do not ignore or neglect the environmental or social factors, but they favour the dynamic processes as playing a major role in the development of criminal behaviour†. (Hollin 1989) Bibliography Ainsworth.P (2000) Psychology and Crime: Myths and reality. (Essex: Pearson) Hollin.C (1989) Psychology and crime. (London: Routledge) Maguire.M etal (2002) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3rd Edition) McLaughlin.E & Muncie.J (2001) The Sage Dictionary of Criminology (Sage Publications ltd. London) Putwain.D & Sammons.A (2002) Psychology and Crime (East Sussex: Routledge)