Behavioral Economics Essay

Introduction Behavioral Economics is an extremely important field of psychology; it seeks to expand the current tools that researchers use in economics and finance to introduce new models of human behavior that are adequately founded in psychological research. The Behavior Economics is crucial in business decision making process. The knowledge in Business and Financial Literacy is very important for their direct application to Business and Consulting Psychology. Understanding Financial Management which includes: profit & loss, cash flow, balance sheets, ratios, ROI, working capital, budgeting, financial planning, and corporate finance; and Business Management that includes: business strategy, strategic market management, micro-economic analysis, sustainable competitive advantage, strategic positioning, diversification, acquisitions, mergers, and technology management, will allow the consultant to help businesses increase their profits and improve their company’s culture. Business Management and Strategy Business Strategy is a management plan of action that an organization put in place in order to achieve a particular goal or a set of goals and objectives, this strategy can help the organization differentiate itself from its competitors. In order for a company to differentiate itself from their competitors, they need to successfully implement a strategy that will determine the market that the business will compete, the investment needed, the strategies required to compete in that specific market and the strategic resources or competencies that underline the strategy by providing a important sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) (Aaker, 2001). Budgeting and Financial Planning There are many vital managerial tools that assist in managing a successful business. Budgeting is the most common and widely used tool for planning and control; it is essentially a guideline that focuses on spending, it can breaks down all the business’ expenses in different categories, per example, utilities, payroll, taxes, materials, equipment, etc, also all the income that the business expect to receive in a certain period of time, this period of time is usually yearly, monthly or sometimes weekly. Once the manager has all the estimated income and expenses for that period of time, the budget will start to take shape. The budget goal is to subtract all the expected expenses from the expected income for the same period and still have a positive cash balance. A budget should not be a rigid and fixed tool from which you may never deviate (Wood, 2012). The Financial Planning focuses on allocating resources efficiently, specifically achieving long range goals. In summary, while the budget focuses on the daily functioning of the organization, the future depends greatly on the financial planning which in turn relies on budgeting in order to be effective. Corporate Finance The Corporate Finance addresses how organizations face their financial obligation, to intelligently invest their resources, achieve the correct combination of financing to fund their investments and return a profit to the investors; hence achieving value maximization. When a company invests in a project or multiple projects, this project will generate expenses and will create revenue for the company, but what is a project? Project is any activity that generates a series of cash flows for the organization. The company uses the revenue in excess of expenses to fund new projects, improve existing projects or pay its investors (Spiegel, 2000). Per example, applying a low-cost strategy, businesses can remove all frills and extras from its products and services (Aaker, 2001), making the organization more competitive and profitable. Financial ratios The Financial Ratios are practical indicators of a company’s financial and performance situation. The most important indicator of a business performance is profits. Profits provide the basis for the internally or externally generated capital that the organization needs to follow its growth strategies, to replace out of dated plants and equipments, and to absorb market risk (Aaker, 2001). But how can we measure the profitability of an organization? The most basic and important tool to measure profitability is the Return on Assets, which is calculated by dividing the organization’s profits by the assets involved (Aaker, 2001). The ROI measures how much profit the organization can produce with the capital that is available to them (Gitman, 2009). The company’s goal is to increase the ROI, because higher the ROI, the better. That’s why the ROA is so important for managers, investors and other business that may sell to this company. Strategic Marketing The Strategic Marketing includes creating a marketing plan that describes in detail the marketing mix, segmentation, and branding decisions. Branding is not just to increase sales in one product, but to any product that is associated with that brand. That’s why engagement matters; it pulls customers back into the business and at the end of the day leads to repeat sales (Goodman, 2012). There are many different ways to use branding to support the organizations growth strategy, but for each specific growth strategy that are different approaches that can be used in order to achieve success (Aaker, 2001). Sustainable Branding will also increase customer loyalty where customers will recognize the quality of the product or service every time that they see the brand (Aaker, 2001). Downsizing, Mergers & Acquisitions Mergers & Acquisitions essentially have the same features where the end result is one company where two existed. As stated by Shook & Roth (2010), during a merger and acquisition process, the organization will try to eliminate any overlapping positions and this process can cause downsize, which is the process of restructuring a organization in a way that brings reduction of a part of the company’s employees. If the M&A is successful, the new company will be more cost effective, efficient and mostly important, profitable (Holden, 2010). Mergers and acquisitions can also reduce significantly the competition and the overhead for both companies (Holden, 2010). Consultants can be key facilitators of a smooth transition (during a M&A) by ensuring that there is sufficient understanding and ‘buy-in’ at the leadership level about the costs of not addressing the culture issue early in the M&A process. There is plenty of empirical evidence suggesting the failure rate of M&A’s due to issues with the unsuccessful meshing of a newly merged corporate culture. During an M&A, cultural change often represents the ‘soft side’ of the transaction. Everybody agrees about its importance but it seems too frequently to take a rear seat in the stated price tag synergies to be accomplished, as well as, how the new administrative track that needs to be quickly put in practice. Conclusion The main goal of a business consultant is to provide a professional or/and expert advice, but in order to do it, it’s vital that consultants understand the need to become an expert on their client’s business and industry; it’s also very important that consultants understand the need to communicate in their clients’ language. Also, in order to be effective, the consultant should be able to use motivation to trigger the organization members to change their behavior in order to achieve the organization goals (Fernandez-Huerga, 2008). As a consultant, my goal is to support the company’s administration to resolve management, manufacturing, marketing, or other issues by providing: * Focus and direction, * Expert analytical skills, * Objectivity, and * Knowledge and experience obtained from earlier assignments Also as a professional I will help clients to define a project’s goal and capacity, and together with administration prepare a comprehensive proposal to document how the project will be implemented in order to achieve the desired objectives and steps along the way. Also I will make sure that the proposed changes are approved by the client before put in practice. Another very important issue is to maintain confidentiality during and after the assignment. My ultimate goal as a consultant will be to develop a concept of a sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) and to neutralize the SCAs of competitors (Aaker, 2001). Using the Game Strategy, which is a study of strategic decision making, the consultant will be able to develop important insights concerning the strategy and how it should be addressed providing a rational choices for businesses dilemmas (Wood, 2012). References Aaker, D. (2001). Developing business strategies (6th Ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Berman, K. & Knight, J. (2008). Financial Intelligence For HR Professionals. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press. Fernandez-Huerga, E. (Sep2008). The economic behavior of human beings: The institutional/post-Keynesian model. Journal of Economic Issues (Association for Evolutionary Economics, 42 (3), 709-726. Gitman, L. J. (2009). Principles of managerial finance. (12 ed.). Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley. Goodman, G. F. (2012). Engagement marketing: How small business wins in a socially connected world. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Holden , P. (2010). Economies of scale: a quick explanation [Video file]. Retrieved from YouTube website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZshS761WsE Marks, M. (2003). Surviving MADness. HR Magazine, 48(6), 86. Marks, M., & Mirvis, P. H. (2012). Applying OD to Make Mergers and Acquisitions Work. OD Practitioner, 44(3), 5-12. Shook, L., & Roth, G. (2010). Downsiz ings, mergers, and acquisition: Perspectives of human resources development practitioners. Journal of European Industrial Training 32(2), 135-153. Spiegel, M. (2000). Principles of corporate finance. Unpublished raw data, Yale School of Management, Retrieved from http://som.yale.edu/~spiegel/intro/sampread.pdf Teamtechnology.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/changemanagement.html Wickramasignhe, V. & Karunaratne, C. (Mar2009). People management in mergers and acquisitions in Sri Lanka: employee perception. Journal of Human Resource Management, 20 (3), 694-715. Wood, N. (2012). Behavioral Economics. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.nancywood.org/Business/Behavior/Behavioral.pptx

Advertising Radio Fm Brand Essay

‘Advertising Radio FM Brand’ is famous case in Business Communication for MBA. In this article, I’ve written the answers of this case. Hope it will be beneficial for the students who seeking the answers to these questions: 1. What is non – verbal communication? Why do you suppose that this commercial relies primarily on non-verbal communication between a young man and a gorgeous woman? What types of non – verbal communication are being used in this case? 2. Would any of the non-verbal communications in this spot (ad) not work well in another culture? 3. What role does music play in this spot? Who is the target market? Here are the answers: 1. What is non – verbal communication? Why do you suppose that this commercial relies primarily on non-verbal communication between a young man and a gorgeous woman? What types of non – verbal communication are being used in this case? Ans.: Non-verbal communication means exchanging few words with other people without any speech and sound. The various ways of non-verbal communication are posture or body language, gesture, facial expressions such as eye contact or laughing or crying etc, symbolizing, drawings or symbols, emotions, etc. In this commercial ad, there is a non-verbal communication found in between a young man and gorgeous woman; that the man couldn’t understand due to loud sound of music she danced with and her expression what she wants to say. In this case of commercial ad, eye contact, smiling and waving are the non-verbal communication are being used. 2. Would any of the non-verbal communications in this spot (ad) not work well in another culture? Ans.: The thumbs-up sign has different meanings in different countries. In Japan, it means to money and in Iran it means something wrong or indecent. In Canada, excessive gesturing is generally avoided. 3. What role does music play in this spot? Who is the target market? Ans.: In this ad, music plays an important role; played loudly to promote a music channel i‘five’. The target market or audience on this spot is youths. Youths or youngsters who usually like to attend parties and loves music as one of their common leisure pursuit.

An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of Vacation in Acapulco Mexico

An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of Vacation in Acapulco Mexico While on vacation in Acapulco Mexico, I, along with my family and friends took a tour by boat to a small resort island. As we approached, I was awestruck by its beauty. I knew this was going to be fun, but had no idea that this place would be forever etched in my mind. We were greeted at the dock by two natives dressed in brightly colored tropical shirts, white pants and shoes. They were also wearing smiles just as bright. They escorted us to an open-air type restaurant with a thatched roof that was actually attached to the pier at which we docked. The restaurant had a casual atmosphere that made us very comfortable. The food was served buffet style, with an elegant array of Mexican and American cuisine. The entertainment provided in the restaurant during and after the buffet was de- lightful. A ten minute introduction to the Mexican culture was followed by an intriguing native dance, performed by a man dressed in an authentic looking costume consisting of only a rawhide g-string wit h a short apron front. His sandals had leather cords winding halfway up his legs. This dance depicted a story of a hunter and his prey. It was narrated by a woman who was also in costume. Brightly dressed Mexican men were beating drums and banging sticks providing the sound effects for the story. This was truly a great beginning to a wonderful afternoon. Behind the restaurant was a low mountainous area, accessible by walking trails only. We hiked one of these trails, observing the brightly colored tropical plants and trees that flourished on this well maintained terrain. A beautiful waterfall added to the splendor, and when we reached the top, a lookout provided a panoramic view of the entire bay. What a breathtaking sight! There was a bar here, and after a cool drink we decided to head down. We took a different trail down that brought us to the base of the mountain. In front of us, about 150 feet was the beach. It was 90 degrees and the Mexican sun made the sand hot under our feet. However, a gentle breeze kept us comfortable otherwise. On the beach we rented a cabana, which is little more than a thatched umbrella, table and beach chairs. There, we sat and enjoyed one of those big tropical drinks that has fruit on the edge of the glass and a small umbrella of its own. Staring out into the bay from my chair, was possibly the most serene feeling I have had in all my life. There were many people around and they were making plenty of noise, but my mind was absorbed with the natural beauty of this place. It was like none that I had ever seen before. Looking across the bay towards the mainland, with all its hustle and bustle, I felt as if I had found paradise. I had been to the ocean before, but only in the U.S. Bay waters are much calmer, and therefore much clearer-so clear, in fact, that at a depth of six feet I was able to see a penny. The color of the water is also amazingly different from ocean water. The intensity of the blue color is almost fluorescent. After we rested, we decided it was time to get wet, so we donned our snorkeling gear and entered the warm water. I had never snorkeled before, but it wasnt long before I felt comfortable. Most of our experience was in very shallow water and I dont think it was ever necessary to go down more than ten feet. The fish didnt seem to be bothered by our presence, and although I dont know what kind they were, I touched two of them, and there reaction was only to flip there tail. About forty feet out from the beach it was still only about seven or eight feet deep, and thats where the coral appeared. This is something that no television or video could do justice to. The vivid colors of the coral alone were enough to make this whole trip worth while. There were many different types of fish, most of them with vibrant colors, varying in size from the size of a silver dollar, to the size of a foot or more in length. If youve seen the salt water fish tanks in a pet store, you know of the vibrant co lors that I am talking about. But being in the water with these creatures of beauty, who seem to welcome your presence, is something that needs to be experienced to appreciate. Wading back towards shore, I have to say I was sorry that this part of the day was over. Back on the beach, a horn signaled the need to prepare for the trip across the bay. Fortunately, the boat which came to pick us up was not the same as the boat that dropped us off. This one had a glass bottom that enabled the passengers to observe everything beneath the boat. There was a experienced diver who was a part of the entertainment. He dived under the boat, and as we watched in awe, he grabbed the tail of a seven foot shark, pulling himself close enough to the sharks head to be bitten, and he then began to pet the shark as if it were only a puppy. Other antics were included with a couple of other fish as we made our way back to the mainland. Once on shore we headed back to our hotel just in time to see yet another splendor, an Acapulco sunset! We made our way to the roof of the hotel, so that we could get a panoramic view. The rainbow of colors in the sky was more than you could see in any painting, no matter who the artist. There were hues of peach to deep orange, pale pink to deep fusia and purple. Gold was entwined throughout, and the sun itself was like a ball of fire. The colors kept changing, as if an artist was continually trying to improve on its beauty. The sunset lasted about twenty minutes, but the colorful streaks in the sky remained vivid for another half hour. I have never seen a magnificent sunset like this ever before. Seven years have passed now since that trip. In that time I have seen many beautiful places, but none have made as profound an impression on me as that little island in Acapulco Bay.

Effective Leadership Within an Organisational Context Essay - 1

Effective Leadership Within an Organisational Context - Essay Example This intentional feature of acquiescence distinguishes from the various kinds of manipulations reliant on recognized or official power. The final aspect focuses on the fact that the consequences of leadership lead to deriving desired behavior from the followers. These desired actions are supposed to be decisive and are targeted towards an objective in a particular organisation structure. Leadership has been considered immensely significant with regard to the organizations. Leadership is the procedure which ascertains the attainment of the organizational objectives by all the individuals which also helps the organizations to achieve success. The notion of leadership entails the factor of influence. Leadership takes into concern the ways by which the followers are manipulated by the leader. Influence is considered to be an integral part of leadership as leadership would cease to exist without the presence or inclusion of manipulation. Leadership is also believed to take place in groups. The chief purpose of leadership entails manipulating a group consisting of various individuals involved with a common objective. The referred group could be a particular community group, little task group or even a big group representing a complete organization. Leadership refers to the process that is undertaken by a single individual to manipulate a particular group for the reason of attainment of objectives (Northouse, 2009). Leadership also entails the focus towards a common objective. The forces as well powers of leaders are bestowed towards particular or definite individuals who attempt and desire to accomplish something together. Common objective implies that the followers, as well as the leaders, look forward to a mutual objective. The focus towards common objectives provides the facet of leadership a moral implication as it emphasizes on the requirement of the leaders to put in their efforts along with their followers for the reason of attaining chosen objectives.

Nanna Ziggurat and Khafre's Pyramid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nanna Ziggurat and Khafre's Pyramid - Essay Example Similarly, the Nanna Ziggurat constructed during 2100-2050 BC in ancient Middle East or contemporary Iraq was dedicated as a place of worship or temple (Stokstad and Cothren 36). The Nanna Ziggurat and Khafre Pyramid, were constructed based on the conviction of celestial gods, nonetheless they served dissimilar functions. While Nanna Ziggurat was basically a temple, the Khafre pyramid acted as a funerary complex. The aim of this essay is to analyze the similarities and variations of the two monumental structures, and trying to show how both structures served symbolically as a link between the earth and heavens, or some form of eternal life linking room. This paper shows that even though both structures had a common function of acting as the bridge linking heaven and world, they had different connotation and composition in terms of being the center of convention for the people and their gods. Discussion First and foremost, both cultures were highly intelligent in terms of how they wen t about constructing the elaborate and enormous monuments. Nanna Ziggurat is situated in Ur, the capital of ancient Sumeria civilization or present day Iraq, on the banks of river Euphrates, while the Khafre pyramid was constructed in Giza, Egypt on the river Nile plateaus (Stokstad and Cothren 82). ... The river Nile played a crucial role during Egyptian civilization, and its yearly flooding was considered a miracle, consequently the Egyptians turned to religion to acquire a sense of security and everlasting life. That is why they constructed the pyramids as the Imperial symbol of supremacy and authority, since they considered their pharaohs as earthly form of their sun god Re who would then preserve their agrarian life from natural disaster (Stokstad and Cothren 52). The architecture and size of both Nanna Ziggurat and Khafre’s Pyramid are very dissimilar from one another, coupled with a huge variation in scale.  While the Nanna ziggurats is a large stepped structures with numerous temples and a shrine on top, the Khafre pyramid had a rectangular base with three platforms and stairs that converge on the first platform.  The Khafre’s Pyramid at Giza was a massive structure with a faultless pyramid shape and a square base. It has four oblique sides which perfectly meet up at a tip at the top.   However, both Nanna Ziggurat and Khafre’s Pyramid were not the outcome of rebuilding, but rather extensive and detailed constructions. The Nanna Ziggurat base covers roughly 28,905 square feet, in addition to being 100 feet tall.  On the other hand, the Khafre’s Pyramid had a base that covered 566,280 square feet with a height of roughly 471 feet (Stokstad and Cothren 56).   Khafre Pyramid The Nanna Ziggurats was erected using repetitive building, whereby the rubble from all construction was used as groundwork for the subsequent ones. Nevertheless, both monuments have slightly leaning walls that helps in shielding their foundations from flooding, but the Sumerians built Nanna Ziggurat using diverse materials, with the greater part being mud bricks. This helped

M essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

M - Essay Example Second, the American government did not exactly stop China from controlling Chinese Americans in the U.S. The U.S. did not protect Chinese Americans in Americans soil because it continued to see the latter as suspicious illegal aliens, even after World War II. Furthermore, the U.S. government did not take positive actions to create equal conditions for Chinese Americans. It practiced racial profiling as a means of cleansing the U.S. of suspected communist Chinese Americans. This statement, â€Å"Chinese in the United States were subjected to a highly institutionalized structure of dual domination?† means that Chinese Americans had two lords in the U.S. - the U.S. government and the Chinese government. Both governments subjected Chinese Americans to racial oppression and exclusion, as already explained in the first paragraph. World War II did little to ease racism and oppression against Chinese Americans. Although President Roosevelt compelled the U.S. Congress in 1943 to repea l the Chinese exclusion laws, he did so because it was an essential military strategy. He also replaced it with a less stringent exclusionary law through the immigration quota system. During the Cold War, instead of improving the rights and liberties of Chinese Americans, the U.S. ... 2. The effect on the atomic bombs on Japan and its economy is that, at first, the Japanese got angry at their military leaders, and many accepted that their nation should never launch another war, while the Japanese economy severely suffered initially because of lost jobs and the destruction of cities during the atomic bombing. First, after the atomic bombing, the Japanese remarkably felt more resentment for their military forces than the U.S. government. They did not harbor any racist feelings against the U.S., although some resentment developed during the opportunist actions of the U.S. toward Japan when the Cold War started. Second, the atomic bomb negatively affected the economy of Japan, where the unemployed reached 13 million and demobilized Japanese soldiers became beggars. The Japanese persevered by working closely with the Allied forces in forming a new government structure and new policies that affected its way of life. For instance, a new constitution was ratified in 1946, which guided the Japanese government toward a more democratic era. The Japanese constitution in 1946 laid out the preservation of the emperor as the symbol of unity of the people and renunciation of future wars. By preserving the Emperor, the Japanese were able to hold on their ancient cultural symbols, which helped them persevere during these trying times. The Japanese people received greater democracy in how members of the government were selected and removed too. Furthermore, changes in agrarian and labor laws improved satisfaction among peasants and workers. These changes enabled many farmers to own their own lands, while workers were allowed to form and participate in trade unions. By 1970, Japan became a world power despite the obstacles because of the combination of

Holywood Studio System Between 1940s and 1960s Essay

Holywood Studio System Between 1940s and 1960s - Essay Example This was because there was discovery of the telescope, a cure for arthritis and even new advancements in astronomy. 2 With all these factors going so well for America; Hollywood home, one would presume that there would be greater opportunities for the studio system. However, this did not happen. 3 The main reasons were that there was a shift from cinema to television4, there was also politics involved and also other managerial and technological reasons came into play. 5 Details of these factors shall be examined below. In the wake of the country's economic boom, many people could now afford to purchase their own television sets. 6This meant that there was no need for any of them to go to the movies. By the year 1946, cinema attendance had diminished by a whooping 20 million consumers. 7 The studio that felt the highest pinch was the leader at that time; MGM. Before the decline in the Hollywood studio system, most studios were producing about eighteen billion dollars in revenue. However, after the popularisation of television, most studios were now making a mere four billion dollars. 8 There were also other political reasons that affected the Hollywood Studio system in the late forties. Prior to the decline, most studio owners or movie producers had exclusive rights to movie theatres. The five major studios in Hollywood (Fox, Warner's, Paramount, RKO and Lowe's) 9 had the ability to control distribution of their movies through these vested interests in movie theatres. However, The US Justice Department felt that that monopoly was going against the rules of free market and fair competition. 10Therefore, the Attorney General serving at that time gave a notice to the five major studios to appear in court. They were charged with conspiracy in the theatre industry. They were not supposed to control distribution as stated by the government and they were expected to let go of their vested interests in theatres During their appearances in court, top studio executives agreed to surrender their vested interests in the distribution sector and just after a short while all the big five studios gave up their rights to the movie theatres. 11Most of theses theatres were then sold to other vested interests. Consequently, studio producers had very little revenue to give their actors. Before selling away their theatres, most studios would contract actors for a period of seven years. But after the decline of theatres and studios, it was difficult to make such contracts anymore. Most studios started getting into deficits and they started closing down. 12These results came into play during the sixties. Eventually, the legacy of the Hollywood Studio system came to an end during those fateful years. Rise of independent movie producers During the 1960s more and more movie producers would choose locations that were outside Hollywood. They would prefer other countries such as England, Rome and Pinewood. Consequently, most of the equipments needed in studios were exported to the outdoors. This seriously affected the studio system as movie producers no longer considered the studio system as the norm. 13 The situation was made worse by increased competition from some independent movie producers. These movie producers were affiliated to their own movie producing companies and made the Hollywood studio system seem traditional. The

Deriving a Utopia from Dystopia in Nineteen Eighty-Four Essay - 1

Deriving a Utopia from Dystopia in Nineteen Eighty-Four - Essay Example The argument is placed in deriving utopia from a system of dystopia. In a society that has achieved utopia, the will of the people prevail, and their actions is governed by their opinions, as they are comfortable with the decisions made (The Greenwood Encyclopaedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy 223). However, the state of dystopia has threatened the prevalence of a stable society. This is evident in the desire of the ruling opinions to exert their rule on the society that desires freedom. The ruling party, through Big Brother, proves to be an example of a dystopia system that limits the freedom of Winston Smith. He believes that there is the need to be expressive on the community and achieve a system where power is delegated upon the people, who hold the majority of decision-making process. Although there is limited progress in dystopia, nineteen eighty-four proves that, from the system, there can be an achievable form of utopia. The ruling party has declared a system that limits the freedom of individuals within the society and checks on the actions issued through monitoring behavior in screens. The member of their party in Winston has been used to highlight the limited freedom available in Oceania. The limited freedom that has been imposed upon the people has been highlighted in the form that the citizens are closely monitored to reduce the justice system. Orwell develops the plot to suggest that the system introduced within the society fails to allow expression. Of the greatest example of injustice issued, the people of Oceania are not allowed to be rebellious and the thought is termed illegal. The rule of the leading party should prevail without witnessing a resistance in the societal members. Winston explains that he recent the system imposed within the Oceania society. The people are not allowed to express their opinions freely, limited sex

The background, profile of the study & statement of the problem. Based Research Proposal

The background, profile of the study & statement of the problem. Based on my last project which was - Research Proposal Example The interventions come as a way of enforcing tobacco control strategy and when implemented they either lower or raise sales revenue for tobacco products marketing companies (Bump at al. 5). They come in form of increased tax rates on cigarette, increased competition, local or federal regulations on advertisements and sales, economic restrains, and technology standards (Suttle, 1). Others like increased tax on tobacco products work to raise revenue, correct externalities as well as regulate use of tobacco products (Who, 55). However, the intervention does not make the company less ambitious to increase sales revenue. It makes the company work harder to overcome all the handles in the most efficient way possible. The Company has increased its advertisement strategies, which has increased the company’s income level and foreign exchange in the Kenyan economy (Laikwan, 111). This makes the above-identified factors to require a research on how they affect sales revenue in cigarette marketing companies with BAT as the case study. According to Chacha (1), BAT is one of the greatest contributors to national economy through increases employment rates, income levels and earning the country foreign exchange. This has been made possible due to the different factors that BAT has had to put in place despite the many challenges it has had to pass. Among the factors are increased advertisements, maintaining the brand name and abiding by set regulations to ensure they remain in the market. These together with some of the intervention factors mentioned above affects BAT’s sales revenue in the country either positively or negatively. There is therefore a great need for an investigation on how each identified factor affects BAT’s sales revenue as a cigarette marketing company. BAT like any other cigarette marketing company has been faced with so many huddles and yet it has managed to maintain high-income

Developing an Implementation Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Developing an Implementation Plan - Essay Example Such resources include funds, equipment, transport and official recommendations among many others. Obtaining approval for a new solution or project is not an easy task. The first task in this process is convincing the leadership that the solution is relevant and effective. First of all, I will request for a meeting with the relevant authorities for the purpose of presenting my solution to them. I will then prepare thoroughly before the meeting, ensuring that I am fully conversant with all matters regarding the solution so that I may be able to satisfactorily answer all questions asked and, therefore, provide a good impression. This will prevent the leadership from turning down the solution because of my failure to provide sufficient information about it, and proving to them that the solution is more effective than current solutions. During this meeting, I will confidently explain the solution to the hospital authorities while trying to keep the details as straightforward as possible. I will then provide them with an opportunity to ask questions, criticize the solution, or provide their own opinion which may help to improve it. After obtaining the approval of the healthcare authorities, the next task will be to obtain the support of fellow staff. This is necessary because fellow healthcare staff participates in the process of testing the solution to determine its effectiveness. Furthermore, they will be the ones to apply the solution if tested and accepted, to evidence-based practice. Its final application in evidence-based practice will not be fully successful if not all the staffs are convinced of its relevance to the self-management of juvenile onset diabetes. In order to obtain their support, I will approach them and explain the solution to them, and how it will benefit them in their practice, and their patients in the management of their condition. Afterwards, I will give them the opportunity to critique the solution and provide their opinion so as to impro ve it and eliminate any weaknesses that I may have overlooked. I will then modify the solution in accordance with suggestions which are relevant. Description of Current Problem Current methods of managing diabetes mellitus type 1 involve insulin replacement therapy, dietary management, and careful blood glucose monitoring using glucose monitors. Current methods of glycemic control are quite complicated and, therefore, juveniles with diabetes type 1 mellitus have to visit the hospital on a regular basis for accurate blood glucose level checks. Additionally, they have to visit a healthcare facility during cases of sudden hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia which may have adverse effects on health. Recent advancements in medical technology have considerably simplified glycemic control and reduced the need to visit a health facility for checkups. This is because these new technologies have simplified continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), making it possible for juvenile patients to manage effec tively their condition without having to visit a healthcare facility. For this new solution to be successful, patients have to be thoroughly educated on the methods of glycemic control, self-administration of insulin, and dietary management. Detailed Explanation of Proposed Solution For juvenile patients to control their type 1 diabetes effectively, they need to make independent decisions on a daily basis concerning insulin intake, diet, and exercise.

A farewell to arms Essay Example for Free

A farewell to arms Essay Ernest Hemmingway’s A Farewell to Arms is an examination of war, loyalty, desertion, love and loss. His novel tells the story of an American, Fredric Henry, serving in the Italian army during World War I. Using a first person narrative we witness the horrors of war, the beauty of love, and the pain of loss. While the novel is fiction there are many similarities to Hemmingway’s life, which he uses as inspiration in his work. These experiences add substance to his tale of love in a time of war. The story is broken into five books, each covering a different aspect of narrative structure. The first book is an excellent example building the exposition of a story, beginning with Lieutenant Henry describing the village where his unit is stationed. Through Henry’s eyes Hemmingway describes the beauty of the village and the neighboring countryside. He also alludes to the impending conflict that is soon to ravage the land, detailing the men and equipment that come through the streets. Book one also introduces love affair of the two central characters of the story; Fredric Henry, an American serving as a Lieutenant with the Italian Army and Catherine Barkley, an English working in the local hospital. Their relationship develops quickly but is just as quickly tested when Henry is severely injured in battle. Book Two continues to build on the love affair between Henry and Catherine. After Henry is moved away from the front to an American hospital, where he is soon reunited Catherine and they resume their affair. Henry is faced with the not only major surgery and a long recovery, but also having to hide his relationship with Catherine. Elements of both Henry and Catherine’s personalities are fleshed out in greater detail. Henry is a fairly aloof man. He does not care much for the war and he is not interested in the merits or the glory of war; however he is a good and dedicated soldier. Catherine is very submissive toward Henry. She often gives control of the relationship to Henry, becoming almost co-dependent. As their time together increases Henry finds himself growing more and more dedicated to his relationship to Catherine. As the fall arrives Henry is faced with two new major complications; he must return to the battle front and Catherine is now pregnant. Henry being a man of honor promises his love to Catherine and that we will not desert her. Henry moves onto the front where things will go from bad to worse. Henry is moved back to the front and he begins to see how the war has changed not only the countryside but those around him as well. Because Henry is not Italian he does not feel the same sense of loyalty those around him feel and he begins to question his duty to the war efforts. His summer with Catherine has given Henry a new outlook on life and a different cause to commit to. This adds to the rising conflict of the story as now Henry is back in harm’s way and will soon see thing that will change his perception of war and his life and force him to make a choice that will change his life. The main crisis of the story is in Book Three. Not long after returning to the fight the Italian defenses are broken and the army is ordered to retreat. Henry must take his ambulances and drivers across the Italian country side to the rally point. As they trek through the ravaged landscape Henry begins to see the war as being hopeless and his thoughts move toward being with Catherine once again. During the retreat Henry is forced to kill another soldier for not obey an order. He also sees as one of his men is killed by fellow Italian soldiers. These two events cause Henry to detach completely from his duties as an officer. The story reaches the climax as Henry is being separated from his men and about to be executed. No longer feeling any commitment to the cause and knowing that he will be shot simply for being an officer Henry decides to flee and start his new life with Catherine. After escaping execution and reuniting with Catherine, Henry realizes that he longer has any associations to the war in Italy and is dedicated only to Catherine. The couple makes their way into Switzerland to begin a life and await the birth of their child. It is in this time that the story takes a moment for pause, almost as a build up for one final crisis. It is nearly 3:00 AM and Catherine has started going into labor, and this is where the final crisis comes in to play. As Catherine goes through hours of intense labor, Henry can only stand by and watch. He prays to God for her safety. He prays for the safety of the one thing he holds dear. He asks for the protection of the center of his universe, Catherine. The baby is delivered still born and Catherine dies shortly after. Henry says his final good byes to Catherine but they bring him no peace. He sees no purpose in their deaths, simply an event he was powerless to stop. He is left with nothing but a walk back to the hotel in the rain, bringing the story to its conclusion. Hemmingway’s tale of war, love and loss carefully uses each book of his story to bring all the narrative elements into play. The first two books build the exposition and set up the rising action. He uses book three to set the final crisis and bring about the climax. Book Four brings the action down to set up for the tragic conclusion in Book Five.

Type a Flight Essay Example for Free

Type a Flight Essay Type a Flight is a Warrington based travel agency which was established in 1995. It has approximately 500 customers and 10 employees. Type a Flight has a small shop which is situated in the center of Warrington in the midst of other small stores. Inside the shop the workers sit behind one long desk in a straight row. They have a phone line system which they use to communicate with the customers. Behind them are around 6 filing cabinets containing the details of all 500 or so customers which are arranged in alphabetical order. Every time a customer phones the member of staff taking the call gets out of his chair and looks through the cabinet to find the customers details. This procedure requires a lot of man work and is also very time consuming. My task is to help Type a Flight travel agency to make their things easier, for example to make a computerized database for them so it will be easier for them to find customer records/details. A database would also be easier to make a booking because if they had filing cabinets then it would be very time consuming in finding the persons flight or details. This could result in upsetting the customer or even losing the customer. Furthermore if they had a database they will have more customers because they will be able to work more efficiently. Currently all the letters are being written by hand. This takes a lot of time and the employers find it really difficult. The solution I had to this problem was that to make templates letters so that they dont lose any time and they can post it to the customers house so that it saves their time and also doesnt waste the staff time in writing the letters by hand. Research I have looked at one database which is called Type of Flight. It has things like if you already signed up or if not then you can register but only staff can use this database. Also it has things such as if you are recommended by a friend and if you want to recommend a friend. Database: Type a flight Comment: I looked at a switchboard called Type of flight and the logo is situated in the middle of the page. It has various buttons such as Enter ID, Search ID, Gender, D.O.B, Name etc. This makes the database faster and sufficient. When you press any button there should be a query box will appear so it will be easier to get to the detail. Also in this there are forms and queries. Forms are based on queries and the queries are based on the database. Tasks These are my five task that I have been appointed to do. * Getting information about the travel agency * Design a logo and a slogan for the travel agency * Create a database + Queries + Forms and final Switchboard * Create a letterhead and design letter templates * Writing reports at the end (User Guides) 1. Getting information about the travel agency I can get information from the travel agency by looking for their leaflets but I will not because it will waste too much time by looking for their leaflets. I can also get the information from the internet by going in their website but I will not do this because this will also waste time and if I do get the information this might not be reliable source. I will get information from the actual agency by going to their shop and I will do this because it will be sufficient and I could ask those questions as well and the information I will get will be reliable. The questionnaire I will use to interview the agency is given below: 1. Does your agency know how to use a computer? Yes No 2. Does your company know how to create a letterhead? Yes No 3. How do you think your company will cope with the new system? 4. Is your company trained properly? Yes No 5. How do you feel with the new system? 6. Do you think there is a better way to improve the system? 7. What are your opinions? 8. Does your company know how to create a template letter? Yes No 9. Do you think your company prefers the old system or the new system? 10. Why do you think this? 2. Create a database + Queries and Forms I can create a database by Microsoft Access but I will not because it is not made for that. I will create a database by Microsoft Excel because it easy to make databases and it is sufficient. 3. Design a logo and a slogan for the travel agency I can design a logo for the travel agency by various ways, I design the logo by hand but I will not because it will be drawn inaccurate and it might just waste too much time. I can also use Adobe Photoshop but this application is too complex. I will design the logo for the travel agency by using the application Paint. 4. Create a letterhead and design letter templates I can create a letterhead by hand but I will not because it doesnt look professional and it also time consuming. I can create a letterhead by notepad but I will not because it I cannot do some things, which are vital for me. I will use Microsoft word because this is the most sufficient application for me. 5. Writing reports at the end (User Guides) I can write a report at the end with my hand but I will not because I can make mistake. It will also be more time consuming. I can create my report at the by using an application called notepad but I will not because it also doesnt have things which are I need. I will write my report on the application Microsoft word because it has everything I need to write my report. Create a database + Queries + Forms and final Switchboard I can create this by using the application Microsoft Excel but I will not because it is not suitable for making switchboards and also it is not professional. I will create the database on Microsoft access because it is suitable for making switchboard. Create a letterhead and design letter templates I can create this by doing on hand because it doesnt look professional. I will create a letterhead on Microsoft Word because it will look professional and it will be much easier. Writing reports at the end (User Guides) I will create a user guide for people who do not know how to use a computer properly and in that user guide I will put pictures so the people who are reading it will find it easy. Input, Output, Process and Storage Now that I have researched hardware and I know what they are I can put them into different groups. Year 10 Create Queries Text Pictures Create Database Create Template Letters Switchboard Hard Drive Ease of use The final product that I will make is going to be easy because I have explained how I am going to get my information also the manual is going to easy to read and finally the manual will have a user guide with pictures so the person will have ease to read and understand and the user should have no difficulties to use the user guide. Also the final product that I will make will be easy for the company because it will have everything step by step also if the company employees do not still know how to use it then there will be pictures so the company will know how to use it.

Should Jobs Be Reserved For Women?

Should Jobs Be Reserved For Women? Most of the high level jobs are done by man, should government encourage a certain percentage of these jobs to be reserved for women ? Most of the high level jobs are done by men, I am not totally agree with this idea, because many high level jobs are done by women. There   is no discrimination between man and woman before   the eye of law. I deeply believe high level jobs are done by qualified person. So government should not encourage a certain percentage of high level jobs to be reserved for women. As a human being all are equal so those who have qualification to do high level jobs, they must will do. If government encourage or enact a law or reserve certain percentage that will be unfair and injustice and discrimination for man. High level jobs should be given on the basis of merit and qualification not consider as a man and woman.we do not agree, to make any reservation on the basis of race, age, sex and minority ,but high level job must be done   by only  Ã‚   qualified person. Man and Woman are equal so there should not have any special attention for women. This concept seriously violates human rights. There should not have any discrimination between man and woman. The discrimination never bring peace and stability in a state, so government must not make any special rules for women. As a democratic state, every state has rule of law and human rights, so high level jobs are only done by man, this is not fair and justice. If women have merit and qualification, they must hold high level jobs. To my mind, there is no restriction in law of a state for woman high level jobs. Human right is most important to live in the world with dignity and honour as a best creation of God. So knowledge and knowledge must be standard for high level jobs not on the basis of sex. So only justice and fair can bring the peace and security in a state, man and woman should not be competitor but dependable. Being a best creation of God, we must have sense of responsibility and duty to one another to make a better and peaceful world for the future generation. As a man   I deeply believe and trust, there should not have any unfair between man and woman. only the basis of merit must get high level post not consider anything else. To hold a sensitive post, need only knowledge and management capacity but disqualification must always discourage and deprive from high level post for betterment of nation and showing honour and justice for qualified and knowledgeable persons. Proper management is the most important to hold a high level job, so   one who will be seated in this post must be qualified and knowledgeable. If any person is woman but she is not qualified for the post but given the high level post she absolutely will be fail to hold the post. Motivation is very important requirement to hold a high prestigious job, one who has no this capacity she/he   cannot hold a high level post. So I hope and believe government should not to make any special attention to women for high level post because if they are qualified, no need to make any rule or law in parliament. Leadership is the best qualification to hold the high level jobs. To be a best leader, so easily can deal any critical situation. Those who will hold better post, musth have leadership skilled to perform   properly his/her responsibilities and   duties.This is the age of globalization,so one who want to be leader one,s has to have leadership skilled otherwisewill be   seriously fail to make any decision. Challenging career, there are many job very challenging so women are not able to perform their responsibilities but if any woman get like that post as a leader she will totally fail to lead the team or group. For example a woman is not fit for post of chief of Army, Navy,and Air force,because they are not able to perform their duty properly with care and strictly.So body fitness is very   important to hold like that high level job.So if government impose like that post, it will be harmful for a nation. Professional services are opened for all men and women,because there is no any condition or restriction for women.women can be professor,lawyer,pilot officer,doctor if they have qualification.So for this reason,no need to care more women for high level job.There are many women in the world who are justice,lawyer, minister,parliamentarian .They perform their responsibilities and duties with dignity and skilled.This is because, they are hardworkers and qualified for this   posts Corruption is the great disease for state , it is worse than cancer . so make a proper well fear state . it is responsibilities for man and women to remove this  Ã‚   corruption   from the grass root level of state , corruption free state and protect and guarantee human rights such kind of well fare state no conflict man between women incase of high level jobs. Misuse is the worst weak point to protect human rights and establish rule of law it is absolutely possible misuse of power in government wish to protect the human rights .disqualified person never get high level jobs .this is possible on the basis of rule of law but we have to keep in mind knowledge and qualification only should be standard for higher level job but not consider sex. Political instability never bring any peace and security, safety and dignity for a nation .for the cause of corruption and missuse of power always coming political instability in a state. For these reason many qualified man and women totally deprive from the higher level jobs.such kind of political environment never consider knowledge and qualification and care fare and justice . There are many states where women hold high level post such as Bangladesh is a highest ranking   for the leadership of women   because there is a prime minister and opposition leader, home minister,foreign minister and agriculture minister all are women. they are not   elected as a women but for theire leadership qualification.so there is no way to say government should have extra care for women .if they become knowledgeable, they will reach their goals. In Pakistan also had an ex-prime minister banzir butto who was a woman and she was elected for her political wisdom but her nation did not make her prime minister just consider as woman .there are many women perform their responsibilities and duties with due care and dignity . there is a president   in india is woman .there were former prime ministers Indira Gandi and Sonia gandi also were women. In usa ,hilari Clinton is secretary   of state of America so it is only possible for her qualification. In UK and Austrilia are handled supreme post by women,we do not like to make different between man and woman.As a human being all are equal,in case of dignity and rights and duties. Criticism of women ;most of the women across the world , to remind themselves busy in the kitchen .their mind do not want to work high abious job.They think , women responsibilities to produce baby and to take care and managing housing work.They do not know what are   their rights and duties.So   for this reason,they are tortured, oppressed,nepressd by men.Their voices are not strong for their rights.They do not know how to establish their civil and political rights.Even now women are not prepared to take leadership of high level jobs.They think leadership and management are only for men. Reservation of negative effect,If government reserve certain percentage for high level jobs,it will make a serious negative effect in a state.Now a days all of the countries have   recognised equal status of men and women.The certain percentage reservation will break the check and balance of a state.Day by day men will be unemployment which is not green signal for democratic states.So we do not agree on the statement of reservation of high level jobs for women.If government want to reserve must be for backward section people.There will be no any discrimination between men and women. It is high for women to raise their voices against injustice and unfair.Government can take effective step to make educated women.Women   have to be conscious for their fundamental rights.If government make them properly educated then they will get high level jobs.No need make any reservation for women,from every part of the world, women should be conscious about their rights and duties, They must   make pressure their own government to provide complete women rights. When they will be able to understand what are their rights and duties and will be qualified then they   will get high level jobs. In brief ,I would like to say dignity and honour should not be   given on the basis of sex.for the causes of sincerity ,honesty,sense of responsibility, punctuality and duty.So any man or woman   will hold high level job if he or she has qualification. No need to make speacil law for woman for high level jobs.Only knowledge and knowledge should be most priority and standard to hold high level job.

Esthers Liberation in Sylvia Plaths Bell Jar :: Plath Bell Jar Essays

Esther's Liberation in The Bell Jar      Ã‚   On the surface The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath is a loosely based autobiographical account of a young woman's search for identity that is eventually found through mental breakdown. Because Esther Greenwood's aspirations are smothered by traditional female roles, she must find herself through purging her mind of these restraints.    Upon closer inspection, Esther plight is representative of her contemporaries and even of many women today who "over and over...(have) heard in voices of tradition and of Freudian sophistication that they could desire no greater destiny than to glory in their own femininity" (Friedan, 461). It is with this notion that Esther and others like her wrestled with: "if a woman had a problem in the 1950's and 1960's she knew that something must be wrong with her marriage, or with herself" (464). This was coined the "housewife's syndrome" by a Cleveland doctor who first noticed this trend among young housewives. But for those like Esther- young, single, and educated- the problem is that society does not readily give them any more career options other than wife/mother or secretary. Because of this, the Women's Liberation movement begins, but only after Esther and her peers become Liberated Women.    The road to liberation is bumpy and sparked with electroshock treatments for Esther and others like her. Therapy is prevalent, whether it is weekly trips to a psychologist or lengthy stays in a mental institution. The end result of the treatment for many is a feeling of independence. As one woman states,    "It helped me develop a sense of self-worth and come to the understanding that I wasn't a bad person or worthless. My experience in therapy helped me have a better image of myself and I even started to look better and dress in a more attractive way. In short, I had more confidence in myself" (Susan, 489).    For Esther, leaving therapy is like being born again (199). She is now truly a free woman, after all.    Before Esther is liberated, however, she denounces her oppressors, Buddy Willard and her mother. Both are representatives of the male controlled society: Mrs. Greenwood of stifling women's aspirations and keeping women in their traditional roles, and Buddy of sexual purity.

AIDS/HIV :: essays research papers

Different people define success in many different ways. What is considered success by one person may be viewed as failure by another person. Randy Shilts, a homosexual newspaper reporter / author, attempts to make fundamental changes in America’s opinion on AIDS. In Randy Shilts’s essay, "Talking AIDS to Death," he speaks of his experiences as an "AIDS celebrity." At the core of Shilts’s essay is the statement, "Never before have I succeeded so well; never before have I failed so miserably"(221). Shilts can see his accomplishments from two points of view- as a success and as a failure. Despite instant fame, Shilts is not satisfied with the effects his writings has on the general public. Shilts’s "success" and reasons for failure can both be considered when one decides whether or not his efforts were performed in vain. From a superficial stand point Randy Shilts, without a doubt, has become a great success with the release of his book And the Band Played On. Almost over night, Shilts is emerged in all the luxuries of stardom. "I quickly acquired all the trappings of bestsellerdom: 60 Minutes coverage of my "startling" revelations, a Book-of-the-Month Club contract, a miniseries deal with NBC, translation into six languages, book tours on three continents, featured roles in movie-star-studded AIDS fund raisers, regular appearances on network news shows, and hefty fees on the college lecture circuit" (220). These benefits, along with numerous others, mark that of a "successful" person. Hopes 2 However, a deeper look into the expectations Shilts has for his book can offer an explanation to why Shilts was not a complete success. Randy Shilts set out to make monumental changes in the world’s perspective of AIDS. He planned to enlighten, motivate, and educate the population on this tragic disease that has already claimed so many lives. He believed that virtually all the misconceptions about AIDS would be corrected and the public would insist that more be done to stop the epidemic. "I had hoped to effect some fundamental changes. I really believed I could alter the performance of the institutions that had allowed AIDS to sweep through America unchecked" (220). Shilts’s immense expectations positioned him for his inevitable sense of failure. He did not accomplished all that he had planned. AIDS was still spreading and people were still dying. "The bitter irony is, my role as an AIDS celebrity just gives me a more elevated promontory from which to watch the world make the same mistakes in the handling of the AIDS epidemic that I hoped my work would help to change"(220).

The Earth is surrounded by a covering of air which we call the atmosphe

The Atmosphere The Earth is surrounded by a covering of air which we call the atmosphere. It reaches over 384 miles from the surface of the earth, so we can only see what occurs in the troposphere and the tropopause. Nitrogen – 78% Oxygen – 21% Argon – 1% Carbon Dioxide – 0.035% Other – 0.00253% The above information highlights what the atmosphere is composed of. It is clearly visible that Nitrogen is the dominant gas as over three quarters of the atmosphere is made up of this. It is very fortunate that Nitrogen is not a very reactive gas because if it were not, that atmosphere would be far less stable and extremely dangerous. The pie chart refers to the atmosphere today but it was not always made up of these percentages. It seems that carbon dioxide levels have raised a lot and these rises may be down to many causes such as the industrial revolution and constant deforestation. Natural functions of the atmosphere The atmosphere is vital for life and acts as a life support system to al...

Beat! Beat! Drum!

Walt Whitman’s poem entitled â€Å"Beat! Beat! Drum† illustrated the fun, laughter, and freedom of the drums. There is no definite location that signifies the aspect of the scenario but it shows happiness and autonomy not only the sound but also the people. The whole poem defines a place where there is a roaring thunder of sounds and beats.The author constructs several symbolic objects and images to describe the situation, feelings or emotions of the persona in the poem. Therefore, it can be said that the drums is a signification of society in this modern world as it shows the fast-pacing abundance of life as the poem discussed.The poem has three parts on it. The first parts discussed the force of the drums as it was heard within the church. It was seen in this part that as the drum beats, the life and happiness of the church become more sustainable and developed. â€Å"BEAT! beat! drums! —Blow! bugles! blow! / Through the windows—through doors—bur st like a ruthless force, / Into the solemn church, and scatter the congregation; / Into the school where the scholar is studying (Whitman 1-4). † The solemnity of the place burst into wilderness as the drums beat as its best. The second part of the poem discussed the crowded street where people are too busy with their lives.â€Å"Over the traffic of cities—over the rumble of wheels in the streets: / Are beds prepared for sleepers at night in the houses? No sleepers must sleep in those beds; / No bargainers’ bargains by day—no brokers or speculators—Would they continue? (9-11). † The society is very busy but as the drums beat, they started clearing pathways and make way to the sounds of the drums. It was seen that the drums is powerful and known within the setting of the poem because it was not treated as simple formation of sounds but a realization of social factors.The third part of the poem discussed the voice of the people. The drums serv e as the voices of the people who asked for forgiveness, strength, and new life. The drums beat for them, the drums is this part signifies the life and ideologies of the society in this modern world. As the drums beat, the people started on mourning and yearning for a new beginning. This part also serves as the resolution of the poem for this became the solution of all the situation of men on earth. After all the things they have done, they will still go back to where they starts and belong.In the first part as well as all throughout the verse, there is no conduction of rhyme and rhythm. It was a free-verse poem that exists in different point of views and attacks. As the poem went on, the stage or level of defining the drums becomes more complex and social based idea. It is for the evidence that the second part of the poem is about the street with the children and the last part was in nature – as the persona described the strength and hardness of the drums in beating the soun ds of life. Work Cited Whitman, Walt. (1900). â€Å"Beat! Beat! Drums! † 13 June 2008. http://www. bartleby. com/142/112. html

Intellect vs. Instinct in “To Build a Fire” by Jack London Essay

The ignorance of the main character in To Build a plunder by Jack capital of the United Kingdom is what last causes his failure. He has never go through icyness like that of the Yukon Trail and is confidant, regardless, that he ordain reach his goal of skirmish his friends at the camping area. It is the realitys finish to follow his intellect rather than his spirit that reveals his ignorance.The opus begins his journey relying on damage intellect. He illogic e very(prenominal) last(predicate)y treks through snow, modify his boots and feet, and must dry them before they knuckle under to frostbite. When the dogs feet get wet, it instinctively licks and bites at the icing the puck that forms between its toes. The while helps the dog, briefly removing his mitten in the numbing common frore. The globe does non take the same precautions, he continuously ignores his instinct.The homos reciprocal ohm accident occurs when he proceeds to build up a wind up under a sno w c overed tree, which begins to melt and blots the fire forth. Logic is eluding him and his confidence begins to dwindle, as his journey quickly turns to failure. The old globe never learns from his steals, and his failures compound. capital of the United Kingdom writes that this mo mistake was his witness fault or, rather, his mistake. here London is showing his beliefs as a indispensableist. Had this encourage problem been his fault the source would be condemning his protagonist much more(prenominal) strongly however, he c anys this a mistake, a much softer term, suggesting that the opus should not be held liable for his actions. Had he anticipated that firing a fire under a frost-covered tree would cause the heavy ice to melt and f each(prenominal), yet still through with(p) it, only then would he be held liable.The troopss mind begins to tolerate wild with thoughts of insecurity and termination when the second fire fails. He recollects the report card of a mac rocosm who kills a steer to hobble warm and envisions himself killing his dog and creep into the carcass to warm up so he can build a fire to save himself. London writes, a certain fear of death, dull and oppressive, came to him. Had the man been following his instinct instead of hearing to prevail on his (obviously flawed) intellect throughout the base, he may rush survived. The dog experient a vague scarcely sinister apprehension(921) that the man common coldly did not allow himself to to a fault experience.The mans dog uses his instincts to survive the cold. The dog did not know anything about thermometers. Possibly in its brain there was no sharp consciousness of a fountain of very cold such as was in the mans brain. al atomic number 53 the brute had its instincts writes London. The dog, who has an innate misgiving of the cold, tries to burrow under the snow for warmth. He hitherto senses the danger of remaining with the man who would kill the dog in pitch to bury his hands in its warm carcass, and escapes him by snarling and growling. When the animal leaves for the campsite he is showing that animals are not afraid of injuring their pride. The dog knows he ineluctably fire and food.The story is a engagement of constitution versus man, and throughout the story nature succeeds. The frigid arctic environment will yield nothing to the man. The t genius of the story is as frigid and frightening as the setting the man has run aground himself in, the lector is just as unaccustomed to the cold as the old man and Londons vivid and descriptive expression serve as a cock to shock the reader into realizing just how noble the mans situation is. The cold becomes a character, exciteing the man and defeat him at every turn. London emphasizes the grandeur of having a obligingness and a know directge of the world that was surrounding the man, writing that the man did not know the cold. Possibly all the generations of his ancestry did not know th e cold, of cold one hundred and seven degrees at a lower place frost point. But the Dog knew all its ancestry knew, and it had inherited that knowledge. (London, 924) Here we see Londons moorage as a naturalist victorious shape in his writing.Ideally, in a successful naturalist story, the dire cold situation would have brought out the mans most basic natural instincts. The story repeats that the man is not idea of material things in the arctic in one case in awhile the thought reiterated itself that it was very cold and he had never experienced such cold. This is probably to emphasize that when one is experiencing such extremes of nature, the extreme is what takes over, and the mind intimately shuts down to anything except the nature rough them.Empty as the mans mind was of thoughts, he was keenly observant, and he noticed changes in the creeks, the curves and bends and pure tone jams, and always he sharply renowned where he placed his feet. Here, the man is eruditeness fro m hisprior mistakes and letting himself be led by the cold, earlier when he was idea of his goal and not of his feet, he found himself with freezing toes. Now, after time in the Yukon, he has found a respect for the cold. Although, this respect is not enough to drift him to the next campsite, London is unforgiving of the mans original eubrice in pickings on the cold, and does not seem to neediness to allow him to succeed.Eventually the mans focus had to turn from his own goal, range the riches of the Yukon Trail, to survival, and fighting the frostbite that is behind overtaking his embody. However, the man refuses to consider the consequences of his actions, even when his life is threatened by the accidents And all the time, in his consciousness, was the knowledge that each instant his feet were freezing. This thought tended to put him in a panic, but he fought against it and kept smooth (923). Had the man allowed his instinct to take over here, he may have succeeded, but his rationality is his greatest enemy. The man also lacks foresight, He drove the thought of his freezing feet, and nose, and cheeks, out of his mind, devoting his whole soul to the matches (922). He should not be focusing on the matches when frostbite is obviously overtaking his body because once he does light a fire, he still has these other obstacles to tackle. He never acknowledges, and perhaps never sees, that he should have been valuing survival over wealthiness from the very beginning.It is unclear whether the end of the story is a message fromt he author that the old man should not have given up, and allowed himself to conk, or continued to fight the cold. It is only when he is certain of his death that he acknowledges the wise words of the man at the campsite who told him not to attempt the trek. You were right, old hoss, you were right he says to himself, travel into a comfortable sleep that one can only interpret as death. The message seems to be that giving up was the co rrect thing to do, because in allowing himself to die he is finally escaping from his pride and ignorance, and valuate the words of the wise traveler. His self recognition allows himself to be seen as a simile, a chicken with its head pull down off running around in vain trying to save himself. It is when he decides that all is lost, and realizes he was wrong to set out that he is finallycomfortable, the calamity is that his comfort is in death.The travelers struggle with the tremendous cold is apparent, but he never admits that his plight is his own fault. He cursed his luck forte (London, 923) notice he speaks of luck, and not of a lack-of-common sense. Repeatedly warned of the dangers, he still singularly set out to locate tonicity and travel to the next campsite. His stubbornness is foolish. His confidence, nevertheless arrogance, draws attention to an even more concerning inside conflict The story is a sinister example of the human inclination to sometimes allow determ ination to drown out our intuitive voice.

Computer is a great technology in our life Essay

Most of the hatful rely on computing machine kindred a shotadays. It serves us hawkshaw to change magnitude hunt down for providing a specific tabuput. Most of office earn has nominal human errors, redundant entropy and magazine consuming. Some of manual(a)(a) shape is a term consuming and inconsistent data nominate outing and tins redundant output. The calculator program is the bingle that leave picture particular answers to these issues. One of the office usages is a subroutine program depository depository depository depository program depository program program subroutine subroutine subroutine library that work ones get and reverting of say phonograph records. Process has colossal manipulation of tuition in libraries.The library is a manual process for educatee registration, borrowing and return of disks. The student leave startle secure library display board. He/she impart fork out his certificate of matriculation with 1x1p c picture. If new-fashioned student, the bibliothec volition process the library brain and issue card. If old student, just sustain the depository library card. In case of lost, re-issue a subroutine library card to the student. In borrowing prevails, the student/ lymph node provide register at the statistics record. He/she exit present a library card / borrowers card to the force play.If the purpose of coming is reading, the bibliothec depart commend library resources. Inform them where they screwing find or locate the veridicals and monitor as rise as help clients on chores encountered while inside the library room. If the clients finished reading the playscripts, they may return the books or reading materials. If they will borrow books/materials the library companion/aide sh solely a) Finds appropriate library materials b) Check the completeness of the books c) take away the borrower to fill up the library book card and borrowers card.d) Check the proper entry i n the library book card. e) Counter check the due(p) troth f) Clip the library card, identification card, borrowers card, to sither with the book card. g) File the card on the tray h) Issue the book/reading material with the date of return together with the borrowers card. The client will receive the borrowed books, borrowers card and acknowledge the book with the return date. Learning is dis heighting and developing ones talents and skills, this is why it is consequential to learn from books that can deeper ones knowledge found in library.Network Based library organization of give instruction is helping to conjure up and improve its armed works. The subroutine library agreement will help the assigned personnel lessen the workload of the job. The inaccuracy and inefficiency of the manual establishment hassled to a unwilling service of the librarian. In fiat to improve the tell rule, the tecs unflinching to shift from a manual ashes of repair books to a provided li brary musical arrangement. As the manual dust turned into a computer ground system, it will be included for those from successful ones. hear CONTEXT School ( naturalize) of legazpis library at present age uses the manual library scheme in accomplishing and performing its tasks of recording and tracking of books, computer science the derelict account, book cataloguing and shape inventory of books. The librarian and some other library personnel undergoes / undertakes the lengthy process of recording and making an inventory of books by inwardness of writing in the record book and write all the titles and necessary breeding of the old and new books.In borrowing books, the librarian will contain the borrowers card. This borrower would fill up to be able to borrow the book needed. The same process of returning of books the borrowers shall return borrowed books on the sp atomic number 18-time activity day as stated on library policies. The said exertion appe atomic numb er 18d at the statistics logbook, wherein books cast been borrowed is recorded including the date borrowed and returned. If trouble to return the book acquired, they are obliged to establish the overdue account.The SCHOOL of legazpi has encountered puzzles with their exploits especially when the library uses a manual system which is the main buck of the library. They consume so more than time and fret in recording / tracking, reckoning of fines, inventory and locating of books and do substantiate a hard time in managing and protecting records where it may easily get lost. The inaccuracy and insufficiency of the manual system hassled to a fall service of the librarian. In order to improve the manual process on the library they need to alter the manual system to computerize.Purpose and Description To provide a computerized library system for the School (SCHOOL) library that will help and give issue in solving the following problems (1) estimatorization of SCHOOL librar y system of rules that will replace the current manual system in the library(2) Quick distinct in borrowing and returning of books for quick process in updating record (3) Viewing of book nurture via topical anesthetic knowledge base Network (LAN) to desexualise records accessible to students, faculty, staff and researchers and (4) Computations of fines for overdue books.General quarry To bring forth / provide a Network- base program library System for School. Specific accusatives * To develop a mental faculty for book registration and student registration that will score card and library covers. * To develop a faculty for borrowing and returning of books. * To develop module for masking of available book/s via Local Area Network. * To develop a module that computes fines for overdue books. sphere AND LIMITATIONS The write up will include the following sustain Registration, this module will allow registration of books.The reading of apiece book (such as accession number, author, stratum and so on ) will be stored in a database. It will be undemanding for the librarian, library in charge and borrowers to know the availability of books, the status of each book is stated whether it is borrowed or available. Borrowers Registration, this module will allow registration of borrower directly at the library. Its expire is to record the data such as borrowers no. borrowers take a leak, address, run for, year level, email address.The borrowers entropy will be utilized for printing of library card and in borrowing. Printing of library card, this module will allow the librarian to print library card. The system will generate borrowers number. espousal and Returning of books, the proposed system will provide the record of available books which can borrow by the researchers. Its black market is automatically records borrowers information (borrowers name and no. ) and book information (accession no. and title). clear-cut of book, the system will al low degraded probing of book in several(predicate) criteria such as title, author and subject. Its function is to fasten the time of scrutinizing of a particular book. Backup and Restore this module will includes backup and restore of database in order to prevent data loss. Generation of Reports the system will generate reports on the inventory of books, borrowed books, and reserved books, list of books, list of borrowers, and list of delinquent borrowers.Maintenance of introduce the system will maintain the following drug user maintenance, book information (author, publisher, description, subject etc. ,) course management and offences. The system will not cover the following Inventory of library materials and equipment such as chairs, tables, and cabinets Reservation of books Indexing of journals, periodicals, newspapers, magazines, and other library materials supervise damage books and reporting of purchased books and its expenses and other collection of fines to be paid.SI GNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThe chew over would beneficial the following LIBRARIAN the computer establish library work will help her/his workload and give the librarian the better way of storing the records of the library and improve its trading operations in borrowing and returning of books and speed up the printing of library cards. With the help of the system, the librarian will find the system as a tool to line his/her registration rapid response to queries by library researchers such as availability of book and proper computation of fines to borrower.RESEARCHERS OF THE LIBRARY with the computerization of library transactions, the researchers will then harbor a more than convenient and efficient way of researching in the library. If a student wishes to borrow book in library, the student can now know the availability of the book in the library. Students will do the benefit of the mature service of borrowing and returning of books, close computation of fines, better book r eservation and borrowers registration. In addition, the student will gain more interest in get winding and researching because they will be able to return valuable information. SCHOOL LEGAZPI LIBRARY thecomputerization of library at School Legazpi will serves as a proof that they can cope with the advancement of applied science. It will in any case serve as a essence of giving the students quality education and service with the help of technology. Many students will encourage move their education because of the convenient way of accessing valuable information. PROPONENTS the study will give the proponents the information and background or so the library transactions. This study will help the proponents to have a better understanding approximately accomplishment Processing System (TPS) such as library system transactions in a SCHOOL Legazpi.This study will provide the proponents the knowledge to the highest degree the different tools and techniques necessary in developin g computer systems. Moreover, this study will enable the proponents to acquire skills in system development, project management as well as piss and analysis skills as the study progress and the system is developed. FUTURE RESEARCHERS the proposed system will provide the early researcher information astir(predicate) the library system, and they can come up with rough-and-ready ideas that will help them in their own studies.This study will give them the right and essential information they will need such as the different transactions involved in the library system. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES This chapter presents the review of connect literary productions and studies that provide a wide idea and in apprisal to the study. It cites the similarities of the current system from other front studies. It withal intends to provide example that are related to present study which are the theoretical framework that are related to present study which are the t heoretical and conceptual as well as the definition of terms.RELATED LITERATURES The march of electronic technology in the library gives incentive idea that blabber and drag was replaced brick, mortar, and papers. People have the option of passing play into computer to search for book and journals and check out materials, however, these options have not replaced human librarians or paperwork jibe to Michael M. Kajanjian, instructor of Triton College the computer and meshwork have great promise. This does not mean electronics was or should blow out library buildings, books and journals.This computer based access is real consequential to locate the recorded information by using a computer instead of having to unendingly visit the library. Brian Neilsen stated that the classroom adds the dimension to the library buildings. The people attend and interact with librarian and borrowers remote the library. These interactions allow us to update recorded knowledge, where the library resources give us access to record information. alien STUDIES The Vaxjo University program library of Sweden has a web based system called Diva. Diva stands for digitala vetenskapliga akrivet (Academic Archive online).It enables students and researchers to publish their research work to the University subroutine library. Students and researchers can in like manner search, research done by other researchers. Each year the student publishes their answer in conference papers, journal articles, thesis reports, books, etc. These publications should be registered both at the Vaxjo University program library and RICS ( interrogation in Computer Science) web site in a semantic way to avoid any configuration of redundancy and errors. To develop a system which follows the convention publish once and view e rattlingwhere is the objective of this project.The field University program library system in Turin, Italy provides the National University system community with access to afford able, quality resources and applicable information literacy skills, expediting their integration into the community of lifelong learners. The Library will create an information literate community finished a state-of-the art instructional program. The Library will be proactive and creative in reaching out, in order to anticipate and move to community needs for resources, programs and services. Vision Digital television set Library System at the University of Kansas, USA.The digital libraries of the future will provide electronic access to information in many different forms. Recent proficient advances make the storage and transmissions of digital video Library system prototype suitable for storage, indexing, and retrieving video and strait information and providing information across the internet. LOCAL STUDIES Bicol University Polangui Campus Library System was proposed by Arevalo, Rubiano, Rebusi and Romero of STI College Legazpi. The proponents aim to provide an alter Libra ry System of Bicol University Polangui Campus.The proposed system was to provide a faster tracking of activities in terms of library transactions such as borrowing, returning, and computation of fines and penalties for overdue accounts and contemporaries of reports. Bar code reader was too utilise for faster transactions specifically in borrowing and returning book. The system proposed by crowd of Arevalo includes the printing of library card and card catalog, searching of book and borrower as well as generation of library reports. These features will be included in the proponents similar to their study.The system of Bicol University Polangui Campus includes reports for borrowers list, book list, borrowed books and other reports where proponents to a fault integrate on the proposed system. ANG2000 The University Library of UP Diliman encompasses one Main Library and thirty- atomic number 23 (35) College or whole Libraries. It envisions global information exchange throughout the UP Library System. It is mandated to be the information resource circle round of excellence in the social sciences, humanities and canonical sciences. It strives for full automation, a world-class collection and a staff of thoroughly modern information professionals.The University Library was officially established by the Board of Regents in 1922, fourteen years after the founding of the University of the Philippines in 1908. The University Library, which was at the same time designated as the surgical incision of Library Science was placed on an follow level with other departments of instruction for the services of all colleges of the university. Between the years 1908 to 1922 University constituents made use of flyspeck libraries in the various units and colleges of the university and government libraries in manila paper for their research and information needs.The UP Diliman Library Collections have been developed to aid of teaching, research and extension work in the discip lines designated to Diliman. Topping the list of choice collections in UP Diliman is the Filipiniana Collections, which come in print, non-print and digital forms. ISRAR noble Word College of legazpi High School Library. The instill decided to computerize the library system because of the problems encountered in the real manual operation. According to the librarian, Mrs.Mariquit Pedrasa, the inventory, updating and maintenance of the material as well as the records are very tedious on her part. In the year 2004, the library started to implement the computerized library system. According to the librarian, the computerized library system answers the problems regarding time consuming process for lending and borrowing of books. It is easier now to update the status of the books and with the use of the change card catalogue the user will be helped to find the information about the book. BAL2006.Aquinas University of legazpi, employ the computerized library system, in 2006 by Mr. At onio Morada. Because of the problems encountered in the existent manual process, the school library decided to computerize the library process. The system provides improvement of monitoring of books by using bar coding and card cataloguing and it as well automatically generates reports needed by the librarian. When a book is borrowed, it will automatically show daily report on the transaction. If the book is not returned on a due date, it will display information about the unreturned books.One the book has been returned, the database will be updated. on tap(predicate) and reserved books will be shown in a daily report. The researchers can only reserve on book. For the accuracy in card cataloguing, the system has Online unrestricted Access Catalog (OPAC). The researchers can view the information and the status of the book using the internet. AQU2004 . Gap bridgework of the Study Computerization of the manual process of the service of the School had brought a great help to the per sonnel assigned. Technology today is very master(prenominal) to master it.Through Computerized system service, it had lessened the workload had an easy access to information and need managed all the transaction. tone ending over the related literature and studies, the researchers found that other researchers had only foc apply on the computerization of the recording of books, inventory, sorting and generating reports especially in the Library System. The researchers decided to conduct the study in the SCHOOL library to make the system fully raise and developed. Today, the Local Area Network (LAN) represents a new playactingfield where all the amount of knowledge that comes from handed-down media is molded together.The library plays an important role for the people to gain more knowledge, thats why it is satisfactory to have an easy access to information from the library. To enhance the services of the library, the researchers formulate a study for faster and for efficient acc ess in library transaction, through the Network based Library System. The students can now search and reserve books through local range connection. This system had contributed big help improve the service of the SCHOOL library transactions.NOTES IsrarUlHaq, A web based system for Publishing Publications to both Vaxjo University and RICS, University of Bovas/ Sweden School of library and Information Science. ISRAR KokMengPua, Prototyping the Vision Digital Video Library System, www. ittc. ku. edu/research/thesis/documents/kokmenpuathesis. pdf www. updiliman. com BAL2006Baldres, Jennifer B. , Library Services of DWCL of Legazpi and their metier. (Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Nueva Caceres, Naga City 2006 AQU2004Baloloy, Merjerere b. Bermas, Maricel L. , Mary JessB. , DaytoEditha A.Computer Based Library System of Aquinas University of Legazpi superior Schools (Unpublished Masters Thesis, Aquinas University of Legazpi, September 2004 Www. yahoo. com, Central Library at IIT Madras. www. ndcp. edu. ph/library/thesislist. php? Kazanjan, Michael M. Ethics and Phenomenology, lucre Encyclopedia Aileen V. Ang and Edelweiss E. Monsalve, AMA Computer learning Center(Albay) Library System (Unpublished Thesis of AMA Computer College Center of Legazppi, declination 2001. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN This chapter shows the parole of the research and methodology apply in the system.The contents of this chapter are the research methods applied in the present study. The System training Life Cycle (SDLC) was also utilized for the analysis of the determined problem including the diagrams for info Flow Diagram (DFD), Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) and top-down Structure which helped to illustrate the program designed for the system. It also discusses the sources of data, research instrument used, and Data gathering procedure. enquiry Method The present study had made used of the descriptive method for further analysis of the problem on th e School legazpis Library.This method was used in completion of the study which the researchers had gathered information through observation, conduct interview on library personnel in order to gather and accurate data and reliable information to answer sub-problems presented in the study including relevant facts needed in the study. This method was chosen by the researchers for the analysis of the information that can be used for the implementation of the research study. Research trope In the system, the most important relation in the study was the interaction between the library personnel and the students / borrowers.the researchers had conducted a study for an efficient and fast service of the assigned personnel to students /borrowers. In this study, the researchers had used the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) for the systematized access code in solving the problem to make a useful system. The researchers have refined the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) into a logical strategy that can be applied to many kinds of problems. This has five phases, the Planning, epitomeand Design, Implementation and the Operation and Support phase.PlanningIn this phase, the researchers had recognized, diagnosed and defines the problem, by means of gathering information like interview, researches, and providing questionnaires. During this phase, assessments were conducted on the overall scope of the problem and how much money and time would be spent in solving it. The researchers planned and conducted the study to formulate solutions based from the discovered problems in the SCHOOL Library system. Analysis During this phase, normally involve developing a problem definition and taking an initial look at the feasibility of the project.It also involves studying and documenting the current system, interviewing librarian and other users about their needs and recommending solution to the problem. The proponents also analyze the requirements to consider in order interacting with its environment. Design In this phase, the proponents transformed the problem into solution. First, the proponents produced a system specification that tells the librarian what the system will do. by and by the librarian approves the conceptual design, the proponents plan to design an substitute way of using an object oriented design to enhance the existing system based on the information gathered.Implementation In this phase, the proponents transform the library problems into a solution on a computer based system. The system is installed and tested. Testing is very important to ensure its performing optimally. Bugs in the system are identified and corrected. Maintenance In this phase, the manual system must(prenominal) change into a newly enhanced system for past performance of task. If there are some additional requirements in the system, the researchers should add it in the system programs and develops the software. It is important to maintain the convenience as used by librarian and borrower of the new system. data GATHERING TOOLSThe researchers aim to gather all the data and information needed to the study. They used some shipway to be able to formulate a solution to the problem of the existing system. One of the ways is aspect for related books and references within school and other school for the related topic. Observing in the library and browse the internet were also factor for gathering important data. however, the most efficient and effective way the proponents does was backdrop up and conducting an interview with the school librarian and other library personnel, for a evidence it provides more expound and reliable statement to answer the problem in the study.The following are the data gathering procedures that the researchers will implement 1. Interview It is one of the methods utilized by the proponents for the gathering of data. Although process is time-consuming, it is very useful for the reason that it gathers specific informatio n and raises follow-up question for the interest of clarity and verification of data to the librarian and the borrower. The first step in the process of conducting interview is to construct a letter of request for the client. After granted, the proponents mystify to research and ask over several questions with regards the transaction and other related to the study.2. Research This is the methodical process of collecting and evaluating information to increase proponents understanding of the phenomenon under study. These aid proponents as a guide for developing an effective and efficient system. The researchers follow a line of probe from other sources to draw and gather related information. The books that have relation to the topic were compiled and used as reference. The proponents make use of another powerful tool called the internet to look for a data which contributes on the competency of the study.All these and through these materials helps a lot to make the system efficient and effective. 3. Observation This is the moment where the theme takes time in observing, examining, monitoring and identifying the routine of the library transaction such as the way how the borrowers have an access to books in the library. What are the policies and penalties? And how books are universe arrange in the shelves and how it was categorized. Through to this, it helps the proponents distinguish how they must design the system.